木材微区结构表征方法及其研究进展

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2018.02.001

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 介绍了木材细胞壁微区结构的表征方法，并重点阐述了X射线衍射技术、核磁共振技术、原子力显微镜技术和共聚焦显微拉曼光谱技术等4种表征方法在木材微区结构研究中的应用及研究现状，为今后木材超微结构的探索提供了方法与思路。进一步归纳总结了4种表征技术的优势及局限性，并明确指出了木材微区结构研究在现阶段存在的不足与未来发展方向。

关键词: 分析方法, 原位表征, 细胞壁超微结构, 应用展望

Abstract: The characterization methods of wood cell wall ultrastructure were generally reviewed in the context.In particular,four approaches including the X-ray diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance, atomic force microscopy and confocal Raman microscopy, were detailed in their application and research status, which could provide the methods and ideas for future exploration of the microphase structure of wood. Additionally,the advantages and limitations of each technology were also summarized.Moreover,the existing drawbacks and future direction of cell wall structure research were clearly pointed out.

Key words: analytical method, in situ characterization, ultrastructure of cell walls, application prospect

中图分类号:

TQ35

王旋, 刘竹, 张耀丽, 潘彪. 木材微区结构表征方法及其研究进展[J]. 林产化学与工业, 2018, 38(2): 1-10.

WANG Xuan, LIU Zhu, ZHANG Yaoli, PAN Biao. Characterization Methods of Wood Ultrastructure and Its Research Progress[J]. Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products, 2018, 38(2): 1-10.

参考文献

[1] 李坚,孙伟伦. 新型的家具用材——"热处理木材" 的特点与性能[J]. 家具,2010(4):82-85. LI J,SUN W L. Thermal modified wood,a new furniture material[J]. Furniture,2010(4):82-85.
[2] 刘齐梅,罗建举. 木材美学在家具设计上的应用[J]. 家具与室内装饰,2012(2):16-17. LIU Q M,LUO J J. Application of wood aesthetics in furniture design[J]. Furniture & Interior Design,2012(2):16-17.
[3] CHEN C J,ZHANG Y J,LI Y,et al. All-wood,low tortuosity,aqueous,biodegradable supercapacitors with ultra-high capacitance[J]. Energy & Environmental Science,2017,10(2):538-545.
[4] SHEN F,LUO W,DAI J Q,et al. Ultra-thick,low-tortuosity,and mesoporous wood carbon anode for high-performance sodium-ion batteries[J]. Advanced Energy Materials,2016,6(14):1600377.
[5] JIANG J X,WANG J W,ZHANG X,et al. Microstructure change in wood cell wall fracture from mechanical pretreatment and its influence on enzymatic hydrolysis[J]. Industrial Crops and Products,2017,97:498-508.
[6] SALMÉN L. Wood morphology and properties from molecular perspectives[J]. Annals of Forest Science,2015,72(6):679-684.
[7] 费本华,余雁,黄安民,等. 木材细胞壁力学研究进展[J]. 生命科学,2010,22(11):1173-1176. FEI B H,YU Y,HUANG A M,et al. Progress in cell wall mechanics of wood[J]. Chinese Bulletin of Life Sciences,2010,22(11):1173-1176.
[8] NISHIKAWA S,ONO S. Transmission of X-rays through fibrous,lamellar and granular substances[J]. Tokyo Sugaku-buturigakkwai Kizi Dai Ki,2nd Series,1913,7:131-138.
[9] SISSON W A,CLARK G L. X-ray method for quantitative comparison of crystalline orientation in cellulose fibers[J]. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Analytical Edition,1933,5(5):296-300.
[10] SEGAL L,CREELY J J,MARTIN JR A E,et al. An empirical method for estimating the degree of crystallinity of native cellulose using the X-ray diffractometer[J]. Textile Research Journal,1959,29(10):786-794.
[11] BANSAL P,HALL M,REALFF M J,et al. Multivariate statistical analysis of X-ray data from cellulose:A new method to determine degree of crystallinity and predict hydrolysis rates[J]. Bioresource Technology,2010,101(12):4461-4471.
[12] UVAROV V,POPOV I. Metrological characterization of X-ray diffraction methods for determination of crystallite size in nano-scale materials[J]. Materials Characterization,2007,58(10):883-891.
[13] HERMANS J J,HERMANS P H,VERMAAS D,et al. Quantitative evaluation of orientation in cellulose fibres from the X-ray fibre diagram[J]. Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas,1946,65(6):427-447.
[14] FRENCH A D,CINTRÓN M S. Cellulose polymorphy,crystallite size,and the Segal crystallinity index[J]. Cellulose,2013,20(1):583-588.
[15] DRIEMEIER C,CALLIGARIS G A. Theoretical and experimental developments for accurate determination of crystallinity of cellulose I materials[J]. Journal of Applied Crystallography,2011,44(1):184-192.
[16] NISHIYAMA Y,LANGAN P,CHANZY H. Crystal structure and hydrogen-bonding system in cellulose I_β from synchrotron X-ray and neutron fiber diffraction[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society,2002,124(31):9074-9082.
[17] NISHIYAMA Y,SUGIYAMA J,CHANZY H,et al. Crystal structure and hydrogen bonding system in cellulose I_α from synchrotron X-ray and neutron fiber diffraction[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society,2003,125(47):14300-14306.
[18] ABDULLAH N,TABET T A,AZIZ F. Regression models on the age-affecting and microfibril angle of Acacia mangium[J]. Journal of the Indian Academy of Wood Science,2010,7(1/2):49-53.
[19] TABET T A,AZIZ F A,ABDULLA N. Modeling microfibril angle and tree age in Acacia mangium wood using X-ray technique[C]. Trans Tech Publ,2013:496-501.
[20] TOBA K,YAMAMOTO H,YOSHIDA M. Crystallization of cellulose microfibrils in wood cell wall by repeated dry-and-wet treatment,using X-ray diffraction technique[J]. Cellulose,2013,20(2):633-643.
[21] KAFLE K,LEE C M,SHIN H,et al. Effects of delignification on crystalline cellulose in lignocellulose biomass characterized by vibrational sum frequency generation spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction[J]. BioEnergy Research,2015,8(4):1750-1758.
[22] ROWEN J W,HUNT C M,PLYLER E K. Absorption spectra in the detection of chemical changes in cellulose and cellulose derivatives[J]. Textile Research Journal,1947,17(9):504-511.
[23] MARRINAN H J,MANN J. Infrared spectra of the crystalline modifications of cellulose[J]. Journal of Polymer Science Part A:Polymer Chemistry,1956,21(98):301-311.
[24] ATALLA R H,VANDERHART D L. Native cellulose:A composite of two distinct crystalline forms[J]. Science,1984,223(4633):283-286.
[25] MATTHEWS J F,SKOPEC C E,MASON P E,et al. Computer simulation studies of microcrystalline cellulose I_β[J]. Carbohydrate Research,2006,341(1):138-152.
[26] HOLTMAN L M,CHANG H M,JAMEEL H,et al. Quantitative ¹³C NMR characterization of milled wood lignins isolated by different milling techniques[J]. Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology,2006,26(1):21-34.
[27] MALKAVAARA P,ALÉN R,KOLEHMAINEN E. Chemometrics:An important tool for the modern chemist,an example from wood-processing chemistry[J]. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences,2000,40(2):438-441.
[28] CAPANEMA E A,BALAKSHIN M Y,KADLA J F. A comprehensive approach for quantitative lignin characterization by NMR spectroscopy[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2004,52(7):1850-1860.
[29] MAUNU S L. NMR studies of wood and wood products[J]. Progress in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy,2002,40(2):151-174.
[30] SETTE M,WECHSELBERGER R,CRESTINI C. Elucidation of lignin structure by quantitative 2D NMR[J]. Chemistry:A European Journal,2011,17(34):9529-9535.
[31] EVTUGUIN D V,GOODFELLOW B J,PASCOLE NETO C,et al. Characterization of lignin-carbohydrate linkages in Eucalyptus globulus by 2D/3D NMR spectroscopy using specific carbon-13 labelling technique[C]//59th Appita Annual Conference and Exhibition:Incorporation the 13th ISWFPC(International Symposium on Wood,Fibre and Pulping Chemistry) Proceedings. Auckland:Appita Inc.,2005:439.
[32] KLEINE T,BUENDIA J,BOLM C. Mechanochemical degradation of lignin and wood by solvent-free grinding in a reactive medium[J]. Green Chemistry,2013,15(1):160-166.
[33] RICO A,RENCORET J,JOSÉ C,et al. In-depth 2D NMR study of lignin modification during pretreatment of Eucalyptus wood with laccase and mediators[J]. BioEnergy Research,2015,8(1):211-230.
[34] HANLEY S J,GRAY D G. Atomic force microscope images of black spruce wood sections and pulp fibres[J]. Holzforschung-International Journal of the Biology,Chemistry,Physics and Technology of Wood,1994,48(1):29-34.
[35] FAHLÉN J,SALMÉN L. On the lamellar structure of the tracheid cell wall[J]. Plant Biology,2002,4(3):339-345.
[36] FAHLÉN J,SALMÉN L. Cross-sectional structure of the secondary wall of wood fibers as affected by proessing[J]. Journal of Materials Science,2003,38(1):119-126.
[37] DING S Y,ZHAO S,ZENG Y N. Size,shape,and arrangement of native cellulose fibrils in maize cell walls[J]. Cellulose,2014,21(2):863-871.
[38] ZIMMERMANN T,THOMMEN V,REIMANN P,et al. Ultrastructural appearance of embedded and polished wood cell walls as revealed by atomic force microscopy[J]. Journal of Structural Biology,2006,156(2):363-369.
[39] FAHLÉN J,SALMÉN L. Pore and matrix distribution in the fiber wall revealed by atomic force microscopy and image analysis[J]. Biomacromolecules,2005,6(1):433-438.
[40] BRANDT B,ZOLLFRANK C,FRANKE O,et al. Micromechanics and ultrastructure of pyrolysed softwood cell walls[J]. Acta Biomaterialia,2010,6(11):4345-4351.
[41] 林兰英,秦理哲,傅峰. 微观力学表征技术的发展及其在木材科学领域中的应用[J]. 林业科学,2015,51(2):121-128. LIN L Y,QIN L Z,FU F. Development of micromechanical technique and application on wood science[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2015,51(2):121-128.
[42] NAIR S S,WANG S Q,HURLEY D C. Nanoscale characterization of natural fibers and their composites using contact-resonance force microscopy[J]. Composites Part A:Applied Science and Manufacturing,2010,41(5):624-631.
[43] ÖSTERBERG M,SCHMIDT U,JÄÄSKELÄINEN A S. Combining confocal Raman spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy to study wood extractives on cellulose surfaces[J]. Colloids & Surfaces A Physicochemical & Engineering Aspects,2006,291(1/2/3):197-201.
[44] DAZZI A,PRATER C B,HU Q,et al. AFM-IR:Combining atomic force microscopy and infrared spectroscopy for nanoscale chemical characterization[J]. Applied Spectroscopy,2012,66(12):1365-1384.
[45] DAZZI A,PRATER C B. AFM-IR:Technology and applications in nanoscale infrared spectroscopy and chemical imaging[J]. Chemical Reviews,2016,117(7):5146-5173.
[46] 韦鹏练,黄艳辉,刘嵘,等. 基于纳米红外技术的竹材细胞壁化学成分研究[J]. 光谱学与光谱分析,2017,37(1):103-108. WEI P L,HUANG Y H,LIU R,et al. Research on chemical constituents of banboo fiber cell wall wased on nano-IR technology[J]. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2017,37(1):103-108.
[47] GIERLINGER N,SCHWANNINGER M. Chemical imaging of poplar wood cell walls by confocal Raman microscopy[J]. Plant Physiology,2006,140(4):1246-1254.
[48] RÖDER T,KOCH G,SIXTA H. Application of confocal Raman spectroscopy for the topochemical distribution of lignin and cellulose in plant cell walls of beech wood(Fagus sylvatica L.) compared to UV microspectrophotometry[J]. Holzforschung,2004,58(5):480-482.
[49] GIERLINGER N,KEPLINGER T,HARRINGTON M. Imaging of plant cell walls by confocal Raman microscopy[J]. Nature Protocols,2012,7(9):1694-1708.
[50] 张智衡,马建锋,许凤. 结香纤维素与木素分布的显微激光拉曼光谱研究[J]. 光谱学与光谱分析,2012,32(4):1002-1006. ZHANG Z H,MA J F,XU F. Confocal Raman microspectroscopy study on distribution of cellulose and lignin in Daphne odora Thunb[J]. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2012,32(4):1002-1006.
[51] LI H Y,SUN S N,WANG C Z,et al. Structural and dynamic changes of lignin in Eucalyptus cell walls during successive alkaline ethanol treatments[J]. Industrial Crops and Products,2015,74:200-208.
[52] BELT T,KEPLINGER T,HÖNNINEN T,et al. Cellular level distributions of Scots pine heartwood and knot heartwood extractives revealed by Raman spectroscopy imaging[J]. Industrial Crops and Products,2017,108:327-335.
[53] GIERLINGER N,LUSS S,KÖNIG C,et al. Cellulose microfibril orientation of Picea abies and its variability at the micron-level determined by Raman imaging[J]. Journal of Experimental Botany,2009,61(2):587-595.