纳米纤维素及其用于锂电池的研究进展

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2021.06.014

Abstract

Abstract:

As a natural material with good biocompatibility and biodegradability, nano-cellulose has unique structure and excellent mechanical properties. It has been widely used in the construction of electrochemical energy storage system of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs), and has made significant progress. This thesis provided an overview of the preparation and modification methods of cellulose nanofibrils(CNF), cellulose nanocrystals(CNC) and bacterial cellulose(BC) in the context of the application of advanced energy storage devices LIBs and green materials nanocellulose, and reviewed the research progress on the application of nanocellulose in the field of LIBs. It was mainly divided into three aspects: first, nanocellulose-based flexible LIBs electrodes; second, carbon materials derived from nano cellulose as electrodes; third, nano cellulose derived battery separator. Finally, some problems in this field were analyzed, summarized and prospected.

Key words: lithium-ion battery, cellulose nanofibrils, cellulose nanocrystals, bacterial cellulose, carbon material electrode, battery separator

CLC Number:

TQ35
TS71

Ying WANG, Chunhui MA, Jin ZHOU, Mengyang LI, Jinquan YUE. Research Progress on Nanocellulose and Its Use in Lithium Batteries[J]. Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products, 2021, 41(6): 105-116.

Figures/Tables 5

Fig.1

Table 1

Fig.2

Fig.3

Fig.4

References 79

1	CHU S , MAJUMDAR A . Opportunities and challenges for a sustainable energy future[J]. Nature, 2012, 488 (7411): 294- 303. doi: 10.1038/nature11475
2	JI L , LIN Z , ALCOUTLABI M , et al. Recent developments in nanostructured anode materials for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries[J]. Energy&Environmental Science, 2011, 4 (8): 2682- 2699.
3	CHOI N S , CHEN Z , FREUNBERGER S A , et al. Challenges facing lithium batteries and electrical double-layer capacitors[J]. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2012, 51 (40): 9994- 10024. doi: 10.1002/anie.201201429
4	GELINCK G H , HUITEMA H E A , VAN VEENENDAAL E , et al. Flexible active-matrix displays and shift registers based on solution-processed organic transistors[J]. Nature Materials, 2004, 3 (2): 106- 110. doi: 10.1038/nmat1061
5	KOO M , PARK K I , LEE S H , et al. Bendable inorganic thin-film battery for fully flexible electronic systems[J]. Nano Letters, 2012, 12 (9): 4810- 4816. doi: 10.1021/nl302254v
6	PANG C , LEE C , SUH K Y . Recent advances in flexible sensors for wearable and implantable devices[J]. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2013, 130 (3): 1429- 1441. doi: 10.1002/app.39461
7	SON H W . Flexible wideband UHF RFID tag antenna for curved metal surfaces[J]. Electronics Letters, 2012, 48 (13): 749- 750. doi: 10.1049/el.2012.1030
8	HU L , LIU N , ESKILSSON M , et al. Silicon-conductive nanopaper for Li-ion batterie[J]. Nano Energy, 2013, 2 (1): 138- 145. doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2012.08.008
9	LARCHER D , TARASCON J M . Towards greener and more sustainable batteries for electrical energy storage[J]. Nature Chemistry, 2015, 7 (1): 19- 29. doi: 10.1038/nchem.2085
10	YAO B, ZHANG J, KOU T, et al. Flexible electrodes: Paper-based electrodes for flexible energy storage devices[J/OL]. Advanced Science, 2017, 4(7): 1-32[2019-10-10]. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201700107.
11	DUTTA S , KIM J , IDE Y , et al. 3D network of cellulose-based energy storage devices and related emerging applications[J]. Materials Horizons, 2017, 4 (4): 522- 545. doi: 10.1039/C6MH00500D
12	周兴满. 纤维素的改性及其在食品包装中的应用[D]. 福州: 福建农林大学, 2016.
	ZHOU X M. Modification of cellulose and its application in food packaging[D]. Fuzhou: Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 2016.
13	LAAKSONEN P , WALTHER A , MALHO J , et al. Genetic engineering of biomimetic nanocomposites: Diblock proteins, graphene, and nanofibrillated cellulose[J]. Chemie International Edition, 2011, 37 (50): 8688- 8691.
14	杨闯. 柔性超级电容器电极的制备与性能研究[D]. 南京: 南京林业大学, 2016.
	YANG C. Preparation and properties of flexible supercapacitor electrode[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing Forestry University, 2016.
15	景占鑫, 孙晓锋, 王海洪. 环境敏感型纤维素水凝胶及其在药物控释方面的应用[J]. 材料导报, 2012, 26 (7): 83- 88. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-023X.2012.07.019
	JING Z X , SUN X F , WANG H H . Environmentally sensitive cellulose hydrogel and its application in drug controlled release[J]. Material Reports, 2012, 26 (7): 83- 88. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-023X.2012.07.019
16	CHEN W , YU H , LEE S Y , et al. Nanocellulose: A promising nanomaterial for advanced electrochemical energy storage[J]. Chemical Society Reviews, 2018, 47 (8): 2837- 2872. doi: 10.1039/C7CS00790F
17	TURBAK A F , SNYDER F W , SANDBERG K R . Microfibrillated cellulose, a new cellulose product: Properties, uses, and commercial potential[J]. Joural of Applied Polymer Science Applied Polymer Symposium, 1983, 37, 815- 827.
18	UETANI K , YANO H . Nanofibrillation of wood pulp using a high-speed blender[J]. Biomacromolecules, 2011, 12 (2): 348- 353. doi: 10.1021/bm101103p
19	ABE K , IWAMOTO S , YANO H . Obtaining cellulose nanofibers with a uniform width of 15 nm from wood[J]. Biomacromolecules, 2007, 8 (10): 3276- 3278. doi: 10.1021/bm700624p
20	CHEN W S , LI Q , WANG Y C , et al. Comparative study of aerogels obtained from differently prepared nanocellulose fibers[J]. ChemSusChem, 2014, 7 (1): 154- 161. doi: 10.1002/cssc.201300950
21	PAAKKO M , ANKERFORS M , KOSONEN H , et al. Enzymatic hydrolysis combined with mechanical shearing and high-pressure homogenization for nanoscale cellulose fibrils and strong gels[J]. Biomacromolecules, 2007, 8 (6): 1934- 1941. doi: 10.1021/bm061215p
22	SAITO T , KIMURA S , NISHIYAMA Y , et al. Cellulose nanofibers prepared by TEMPO-mediated oxidation of native cellulose[J]. Biomacromolecules, 2007, 8 (8): 2485- 2491. doi: 10.1021/bm0703970
23	WAGBERG L , DECHER G , NORGREN M , et al. The build-up of polyelectrolyte multilayers of microfibrillated cellulose and cationic polyelectrolytes[J]. Langmuir, 2008, 24 (3): 784- 795. doi: 10.1021/la702481v
24	ELAZZOUZI-HAFRAOUI S , NISHIYAMA Y , PUTAUX J L , et al. The shape and size distribution of crystalline nanoparticles prepared by acid hydrolysis of native cellulose[J]. Biomacromolecules, 2008, 9 (1): 57- 65. doi: 10.1021/bm700769p
25	IFUKU S , NOGI M , ABE K , et al. Surface modification of bacterial cellulose nanofibers for property enhancement of optically transparent composites: Dependence on acetyl-group DS[J]. Biomacromolecules, 2007, 8 (6): 1973- 1978. doi: 10.1021/bm070113b
26	TROVATTI E . The future of bacterial cellulose and other microbial polysaccharides[J]. Journal of Renewable Materials, 2013, 1 (1): 28- 41. doi: 10.7569/JRM.2012.634104
27	SHARMA P R , VARMA A J . Functional nanoparticles obtained from cellulose: Engineering the shape and size of 6-carboxycellulose[J]. Chemical Communications, 2013, 49 (78): 8818- 8820. doi: 10.1039/c3cc44551h
28	SHARMA P R , VARMA A J . Thermal stability of cellulose and their nanoparticles: Effect of incremental increases in carboxyl and aldehyde groups[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2014, 114, 339- 343. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.08.032
29	NOSAR M N , SALEHI M , GHORBANI S , et al. Characterization of wet-electrospun cellulose acetate based 3-dimensional scaffolds for skin tissue engineering applications: Influence of cellulose acetate concentration[J]. Cellulose, 2016, 23 (5): 3239- 3248. doi: 10.1007/s10570-016-1026-7
30	ZHANG J Q , FUJIZAWA S , ISOGAI A , et al. Crystallization behaviors of poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4hydroxybutyrate]/poly (ethylene glycol) graft TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofiber blends[J]. Polymer Degradation & Stability, 2014, 110, 529- 536.
31	何文, 李吉平, 金辉, 等. 毛竹纳米纤维素的烷基化改性[J]. 南京林业大学学报(自然科学版), 2016, 40 (2): 144- 148.
	HE W , LI J P , JIN H , et al. Alkylation modification of moso bamboo nanocellulose[J]. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (Natural Sciences Edition), 2016, 40 (2): 144- 148.
32	谭瑶. 硅烷偶联剂KH550改性纳米纤维素及其增强水性丙烯酸复合涂料研究[D]. 哈尔滨: 东北林业大学, 2016.
	TAN Y. Modification of waterborne acrylic composite coating with cellulose nanofibers coupling by silane coupling agent KH550[D]. Harbin: Northeast Forestry University, 2016.
33	HENRIKSSON M , HENRIKSSON G , BERGLUND L A , et al. An environmentally friendly method for enzyme-assisted preparation of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) nanofibers[J]. European Polymer Journal, 2007, 43 (8): 3434- 3441. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2007.05.038
34	LONG L F , TIAN D , HU J G , et al. A xylanase-aided enzymatic pretreatment facilitates cellulose nanofibrillation[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2017, 243, 898- 904. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.07.037
35	ISOGAI A , SAITO T , FUKUZUMI H . TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers[J]. Nanoscale, 2011, 3 (1): 71- 85. doi: 10.1039/C0NR00583E
36	MARTINS N C T , FREIRE C S R , PINTO R J B , et al. Electrostatic assembly of Ag nanoparticles onto nanofibrillated cellulose for antibacterial paper products[J]. Cellulose, 2012, 19 (4): 1425- 1436. doi: 10.1007/s10570-012-9713-5
37	LARSSON E , SANCHEZ C C , PORSCH C , et al. Thermo-responsive nanofibrillated cellulose by polyelectrolyte adsorption[J]. European Polymer Journal, 2013, 49 (9): 2689- 2696. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2013.05.023
38	SYVERUD K , XHANARI K , CHINGA-CARRASCO G , et al. Films made of cellulose nanofibrils: Surface modification by adsorption of a cationic surfactant and characterization by computer-assisted electron microscopy[J]. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 2010, 13 (2): 773- 782.
39	LOZHECHNIKOVA A , DAX D , VARTIAINEN J , et al. Modification of nanofibrillated cellulose using amphiphilic block-structured galactoglucomannans[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2014, 110, 163- 172. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.03.087
40	TANG L R , HUANG B , YANG N T , et al. Organic solvent-free and efficient manufacture of functionalized cellulose nanocrystals via one-pot tandem reactions[J]. Green Chemistry, 2013, 15 (9): 2369- 2373. doi: 10.1039/c3gc40965a
41	SINGH M , KAUSHIK A , AHUJA D . Surface functionalization of nanofibrillated cellulose extracted from wheat straw: Effect of process parameters[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2016, 150, 48- 56. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.04.109
42	CUNHA A G , MOUGEL J B , CATHALA B , et al. Preparation of double pickering emulsions stabilized by chemically tailored nanocelluloses[J]. Langmuir, 2014, 30 (31): 9327- 9335. doi: 10.1021/la5017577
43	MISSOUM K , BELGACEM M N , BARNES J P , et al. Nano fibrillated cellulose surface grafting in ionic liquid[J]. Soft Matter, 2012, 8 (32): 8338- 8349. doi: 10.1039/c2sm25691f
44	HOKKANEN S , REPO E , SUOPAJÄRVI T , et al. Adsorption of Ni (Ⅱ), Cu (Ⅱ) and Cd (Ⅱ) from aqueous solutions by amino modified nanostructured microfibrillated cellulose[J]. Cellulose, 2014, 21 (3): 1471- 1487. doi: 10.1007/s10570-014-0240-4
45	ANDRESEN M , JOHANSSON L S , TANEM B S , et al. Properties and characterization of hydrophobized microfibrillated cellulose[J]. Cellulose, 2006, 13 (6): 665- 677. doi: 10.1007/s10570-006-9072-1
46	CHINGA-CARRASCO G , KUZNETSOVA N , GARAEVA M , et al. Bleached and unbleached MFC nanobarriers: Properties and hydrophobisation with hexamethyldisilazane[J]. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 2012, 14 (12): 1- 10.
47	JOHNSON R K , ZINK-SHARP A , GLASSER W G . Preparation and characterization of hydrophobic derivatives of TEMPO-oxidized nanocelluloses[J]. Cellulose, 2011, 18 (6): 1599- 1609. doi: 10.1007/s10570-011-9579-y
48	STENSTAD P , ANDRESEN M , TANEM B S , et al. Chemical surface modifications of microfibrillated cellulose[J]. Cellulose, 2008, 15 (1): 35- 45. doi: 10.1007/s10570-007-9143-y
49	ZHANG F , REN H , TONG G , et al. Ultra-lightweight poly (sodium acrylate) modified TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibril aerogel spheres and their superabsorbent properties[J]. Cellulose, 2016, 23 (6): 3665- 3676. doi: 10.1007/s10570-016-1041-8
50	ZHANG P P , TONG D S , LIN C X , et al. Effects of acid treatments on bamboo cellulose nanocrystals[J]. Asia-Pacific Journal Chemical Engineering, 2014, 9 (5): 686- 695. doi: 10.1002/apj.1812
51	BIAN H Y , CHEN L H , DAI H Q , et al. Integrated production of lignin containing cellulose nanocrystals (LCNC) and nanofibrils (LCNF) using an easily recyclable di-carboxylic acid[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2017, 167, 167- 176. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.03.050
52	LI B , XU W Y , KRONLUND D , et al. Cellulose nanocrystals prepared via formic acid hydrolysis followed by TEMPO-mediated oxidation[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2015, 133 (20): 605- 612.
53	MARTELLI-TOSI M, TORRICILLAS M D S, MARTINS M A, et al. Using commercial enzymes to produce cellulose nanofibers from soybean straw[J/OL]. Journal of Nanomaterials, 2016: 1-11[2019-10-10]. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/8106814.
54	HENRIKSSON M , HENRIKSSON G , BERGLUND L A , et al. An environmentally friendly method for enzyme-assisted preparation of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) nanofiber[J]. European Polymer Journal, 2007, 43 (8): 3434- 3441. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2007.05.038
55	NIU F , LI M , HUANG Q , et al. The characteristic and dispersion stability of nanocellulose produced by mixed acid hydrolysis and ultrasonic assistance[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2017, 165, 197- 204. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.02.048
56	KLOSER E , GRAY D G . Surface grafting of cellulose nanocrystals with poly (ethylene oxide) in aqueous media[J]. Langmuir, 2010, 26 (16): 13450- 13456. doi: 10.1021/la101795s
57	YI J , XU Q , ZHANG X , et al. Temperature-induced chiral nematic phase changes of suspensions of poly (N, N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)-grafted cellulose nanocrystals[J]. Cellulose, 2009, 16 (6): 989- 997. doi: 10.1007/s10570-009-9350-9
58	XU S H . Effects of partial replacement of silica with surface modified nanocrystalline cellulose on properties of natural rubber nanocomposites[J]. Express Polymer Letters, 2012, 6 (1): 14- 25. doi: 10.3144/expresspolymlett.2012.3
59	PODCZECK F , MAGHETTI A , NEWTON J M . The influence of non-ionic surfactants on the rheological properties of drug/microcrystalline cellulose/water mixtures and their use in the preparation and drug release performance of pellets prepared by extrusion/spheronization[J]. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2009, 37 (3): 334- 340.
60	EL-SAIED H , BASTA A H , GOBRAN R H . Research progress in friendly environmental technology for the production of cellulose products (bacterial cellulose and its application)[J]. Polymer Plastics Technology&Engineering, 2004, 43 (3): 797- 820.
61	NAKAGAITO A N , IWAMOTO S , YANO H . Bacterial cellulose: The ultimate nano-scalar cellulose morphology for the production of high-strength composites[J]. Applied Physics A, 2005, 80 (1): 93- 97. doi: 10.1007/s00339-004-2932-3
62	TORRES F G , COMMEAUX S , TRONCOSO O P . Biocompatibility of bacterial cellulose based biomaterials[J]. Journal of Functional Biomaterials, 2012, 3 (4): 864- 878. doi: 10.3390/jfb3040864
63	PHISALAPHONG M , JATUPAIBOON N . Biosynthesis and characterization of bacteria cellulose-chitosan film[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2008, 74 (3): 482- 488. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.04.004
64	TAOKAEW S , SEETABHAWANG S , SIRIPONG P , et al. Biosynthesis and characterization of nanocellulose-gelatin films[J]. Materials, 2013, 6 (3): 782- 794. doi: 10.3390/ma6030782
65	OSHIMA T , TAGUCHI S , OHE K , et al. Phosphorylated bacterial cellulose for adsorption of proteins[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2011, 83 (2): 953- 958. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.09.005
66	YUE L N , XIE Y J , ZHENG Y D . Sulfonated bacterial cellulose/polyaniline composite membrane for use as gel polymer electrolyte[J]. Composites Science and Technology, 2017, 145, 114- 121. doi: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2017.04.004
67	YOON S H , JIN H J , KOOK M C , et al. Electrically conductive bacterial cellulose by incorporation of carbon nanotubes[J]. Biomacromolecules, 2006, 7 (4): 1280- 1284. doi: 10.1021/bm050597g
68	JI L , LIN Z , ALCOUTLABI M , et al. Recent developments in nanostructured anode materials for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries[J]. Energy&Environmental Science, 2011, 4 (8): 2682- 2699.
69	WANG Z H , XU C , TAMMELA P , et al. Flexible freestanding Cladophora nanocellulose paper based Si anodes for lithium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Materiales Chemistry A, 2015, 3 (27): 14109- 14115. doi: 10.1039/C5TA02136G
70	HU L , LIU N , ESKILSSON M , et al. Silicon-conductive nanopaper for Li-ion batteries[J]. Nano Energy, 2013, 2 (1): 138- 145. doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2012.08.008
71	LU H , HAGBERG J , LINDBERGH G , et al. Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ flexible, lightweight electrodes based on cellulose nanofibrils as binder and carbon fibers as current collectors for Li-ion batteries[J]. Nano Energy, 2017, 39, 140- 150. doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.06.043
72	LEIJONMARCK S , CORNELL A , LINDBERGH G , et al. Single-paper flexible Li-ion battery cells through a paper-making process based on nano-fibrillated cellulose[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2013, 1 (15): 4671- 4677. doi: 10.1039/c3ta01532g
73	WANG W , SUN Y , LIU B , et al. Porous carbon nanofiber webs derived from bacterial cellulose as an anode for high performance lithium ion batteries[J]. Carbon, 2015, 91, 56- 65. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2015.04.041
74	LI Y , ZHU H , SHEN F , et al. Highly conductive microfiber of graphene oxide templated carbonization of nanofibrillated cellulose[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2015, 24 (46): 7366- 7372.
75	WANG B , LI X , LUO B , et al. Pyrolyzed bacterial cellulose: A versatile support for Lithium-ion battery anode materials[J]. Small, 2013, 9 (14): 2399- 2404. doi: 10.1002/smll.201300692
76	KIM J H , KIM J H , CHOI E S , et al. Colloidal silica nanoparticle-assisted structural control of cellulose nanofiber paper separators for lithium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2013, 242 (15): 533- 540.
77	GONALVES R F , LIZUNDIA E , SILVA M M , et al. Mesoporous cellulose nanocrystal membranes as battery separators for environmentally safer lithium-ion batteries[J]. ACS Applied Materials&Interfaces, 2019, 2 (5): 3749- 3761.
78	PAN R J , WANG Z H , SUN R , et al. Thickness difference induced pore structure variations in cellulosic separators for lithium-ion batteries[J]. Cellulose, 2017, 24 (7): 2903- 2911. doi: 10.1007/s10570-017-1312-z
79	CHOI K H , CHO S J , CHUN S J , et al. Heterolayered, one-dimensional nanobuilding block mat batteries[J]. Nano Letters, 2014, 14 (10): 5677- 5686. doi: 10.1021/nl5024029

种类type	来源sources	制备方法fabrication method	尺寸size/nm
纤维素纳米纤维 cellulose nanofibrils(CNF)	木材、大麻、亚麻等 wood, hemp, flax, and so on	机械处理、酶预处理或化学预处理结合机械处理 mechanical treatment, chemical or enzymatic pretreatment, followed by mechanical treatment	5-60
纤维素纳米晶体 cellulose nanocrystals(CNC)	木材、棉花、大麻等 wood, cotton, hemp, and so on	水解、水解预处理结合机械法等 hydrolysis, hydrolysis pretreatment combined with mechanical method	5-70
细菌纳米纤维 bacterial cellulose(BC)	椰汁、蔗糖等培养基 medium such as coconut milk, cane sugar, and so on	细菌合成 bacterial synthesis	20-100

[1]	Xiaoliang GUO, Simai QI, Chunpeng WANG, Jifu WANG, Fuxiang CHU. Preparation and Characterization of Rosin Grafted Cellulose Nanocrystals Reinforced Natural Rubber Composites [J]. Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products, 2021, 41(5): 72-78.
[2]	SONG Ruyuan, ZHAO Luyang, XIA Zihua, WU Weibing, JING Yi, DAI Hongqi. Preparation and Optical Properties of Fluorescent Probes Based on Cellulose Nanocrystals [J]. Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products, 2018, 38(6): 51-58.
[3]	LU Chuanwei, GUO Tengfei, WANG Chunpeng, CHU Fuxiang, WANG Jifu. Synthesis and Characterization of Self-reinforced Cellulose Nanocrystals Based Thermoplastic Elastomers by SI-ATRP [J]. Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products, 2018, 38(1): 59-65.
[4]	WANG Qian-qian, ZHU Qian-qian, SUN Jian-zhong, LIU Yu, ZHAN Huai-yu. Comparison of Morphology and Fast Characterization Methods of Nanocellulose [J]. Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products, 2014, 34(6): 49-55.
[5]	WANG Dan;LIU He;SHANG Shi-bin;SONG Zhan-qian. Preparation and Properties of Nanocomposite Films Composed of Cellulose Nanocrystals and Polyvinyl Alcohol [J]. , 2009, 29(S1): 43-46.
[6]	GUO Rui;DING En-yong;. Study on Gelation of K-carrageenan with Cellulose Nanocrystals [J]. , 2007, 27(2): 120-122.

Research Progress on Nanocellulose and Its Use in Lithium Batteries

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 5

References 79

Related Articles 6

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments