Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products ›› 2023, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (1): 1-14.doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2023.01.001
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Received:
2022-10-16
Online:
2023-02-28
Published:
2023-02-28
CLC Number:
Jianchun JIANG. Technical Development and Policy Suggestions of Feed and Additives from Forest Sources[J]. Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products, 2023, 43(1): 1-14.
Table 1
Mass fraction of leaf protein in some high protein tree species[7-11]"
树种 tree species | 叶蛋白/% leaf protein | 树种 tree species | 叶蛋白/% leaf protein | |
构(树)Broussonetia papyrifera(Linn.) L'Heritier ex Ventenat | 17.23 | (白)榆Ulmus pumila L. | 17.90 | |
桑(树) Morus alba L. | 18.90 | 白花泡桐Paulownia fortunei(Seem.) Hemsl. | 19.33 | |
文冠果Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge | 19.80 | 沙棘Hippophae rhamnoides L. | 19.03 | |
柠条锦鸡儿Caragana korshinskii Kom. | 22.90 | 辣木Moringa oleifera Lam. | 23.13 | |
槐(树) Styphnolobium japonicum(L.) Schott | 23.12 | 刺槐Robinia pseudoacacia L. | 23.75 | |
白刺花Sophora davidii(Franch.) Skeels | 24.31 | 银合欢Leucaena leucocephala(Lam.) de Wit | 24.47 | |
柏木Cupressus funebris Endl. | 8.40 | 马尾松Pinus massoniana Lamb. | 12.50 | |
乌饭树Vaccinium bracteatum Thunb. | 9.60 | 毛白杨Populus tomentosa Carrière | 12.70 |
Table 2
Crude protein mass fraction of some edible insects in China"
昆虫目 insecta | 类别或虫种 types | 粗蛋白/% crude protein | 昆虫目 insecta | 类别或虫种 types | 粗蛋白/% crude protein | |
蜉蝣目 Ephemeroptera | 景洪小蜉Serratella jinghongensis(1种) | 66.26 | 鳞翅目 Lepidoptera | 冬虫夏草寄主昆虫host insect of Cordyceps sinensis(3种) | 25-30 | |
广翅目Megaloptera | 2种 | 62.13 | 虫茶类昆虫insects of insect fermented tea (6种) | 9-28 | ||
蜻蜓目Odonata | 3种 | 58.82 | 其他others(43种) | 52.82 | ||
直翅目Orthoptera | 18种 | 63.78 | 膜翅目Hymenoptera | 蜂类wasps (21种) | 53.45 | |
半翅目Hemiptera | 13种 | 20-60 | 蚁类ants(17种) | 50.52 | ||
鞘翅目Coleoptera | 16种 | 34-60 | 双翅目Diptera | 蝇类flys (4种) | 61.06 | |
蜚蠊目 Ephemeroptera | 美洲大蠊Periplaneta americana (1种) | 63.10 |
Table 3
Feed additives from forest"
类别 type | 品种 species | 来源 source | 应用 apply field |
维生素/类维生素 vitamins/quasivitamins | 甜菜碱betaine | 甜菜common beet | 养殖动物farming animals |
抗氧化剂 antioxidants | 茶多酚tea polyphenol | 茶叶tea leaf | 养殖动物farming animals |
迷迭香提取物rosemary extract | 迷迭香rosmary | 宠物pets | |
着色剂 coloring agent | 辣椒红capsanthin | 红辣椒果实red pepper | 家禽poultry |
β-胡萝卜素β-carotene | 胡萝卜corrot, 玉米corn, 沙棘seabuckthorn fruit | 家禽poultry, 犬dog, 猫cat | |
天然叶黄素natural lutein | 万寿菊marigold | 家禽poultry, 水产养殖动物aquaculture animals, 犬dog, 猫cat | |
番茄红素lycopene | 番茄tomato, 胡萝卜carrot, 西瓜watermelon, 木瓜及番石榴等papaya and guava, et al | 犬dog, 猫cat | |
调味和诱食物质 flavor and attractant | 牛至香酚oregano carvacrol | 牛至oregano | 养殖动物farming animals |
大蒜素garlicin | 大蒜鳞茎garlic bulb | 养殖动物farming animals | |
其他类 others | 天然类固醇萨洒皂角苷 natural steroid sasaponin YUCCA | 丝兰YUCCA | 养殖动物farming animals |
天然三萜烯皂角苷 natural triterpene saponin | 可来雅皂角树 quillaja saponaria | 养殖动物farming animals | |
糖萜素saccharicter-penin | 山茶籽饼tea seed cake | 猪pig, 家禽poultry | |
苜蓿多糖alfalfa polysaccharides, 苜蓿黄酮alfalfa flavonoids, 苜蓿皂苷alfalfa saponin | 苜蓿alfalfa | 仔猪piglets, 生长育肥猪growing-finishing pigs, 肉鸡broilers, 犬dog, 猫cat | |
杜仲叶提取物 eucommia leaf extract | 杜仲叶eucommia leaf | 生长育肥猪growing-finishing pigs, 鱼fish, 虾shrimp | |
淫羊藿提取物 epimedium extract | 淫羊藿epimedium | 鸡chickens, 猪pigs, 绵羊sheep, 奶牛cows | |
4,7-二羟基异黄酮saidzein | 大豆soybean | 猪pig, 产蛋家禽poultry | |
紫苏籽提取物 perilla seed extracts | 紫苏perilla | 猪pig, 肉鸡和鱼broilers and fish, 犬dog, 猫cat | |
植物甾醇phytosterol | 大豆油soybean oil, 菜籽油rapeseed oil | 家禽poultry, 生长育肥猪growing-finishing pigs, 犬dog, 猫cat | |
新增 supplement | 藤茶黄酮 ampelopsis grossedentata flavonoids | 藤茶vine tea | 鸡chickens |
姜黄素curcumin | 姜黄turmeric | 淡水鱼类Chinese freshwater fishes, 肉仔鸡broilers | |
绿原酸chlorogenic acid | 山银花lonicera confusa | 肉仔鸡broilers |
Table 4
Methods of fresh leaf protein extraction"
原料来源 source | 提取方法 extraction methods | 主要影响因素 main factors | 特点 characteristics | 提取率/% extraction rate | 得率/% yield | 文献 ref. |
(紫花)苜蓿 Medicago sativa L. | 直接加热法 direct heating method | 温度 temperature | 操作简单,成本低,但高温会破坏蛋白质活性 simplified operation,low-cost,but the higher temperature would destroy protein activity | 89.2 | [ | |
樟(树) Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl | 酸(碱)化加热法 acid (alkali) heating method | pH值,温度 pH value, temperature | 操作简单,但酸(碱)会影响蛋白活性 simplified operation, but acid(alkali) would affect protein activity | 15.05 | [ | |
辣木 Moringa oleifera Lam. | 盐析法 salting-out method | 提取时间, 盐析液饱和度, 料液比 extraction time, salting out liquid saturation, solid- liquid ratio | 操作简单,成本低,较好保持蛋白质活性,但耗时长 simple operation, low-cost, and better protein activity, but long time | 1.349 | [ | |
苜蓿 Medicago sativa L. | 发酵法 fermenting method | 发酵温度, 乳酸菌数, 发酵时间 fermentation temperature, number of lac- tobacillus, ferment time | 提取效率高,蛋白质活性高,但时间长,成本高 high extraction efficiency,high protein activity, but long time, high-cost | 30.84 | [ | |
苜蓿 Medicago sativa L. | 超声波辅助法 ultrasonic-assisted | 超声波处理时间 ultrasonic time | 提取效率高,常与其他方法联用 high extraction efficiency, it was often combined with other methods | 51.09 | [ |
Table 5
Methods of dry leaf protein extraction"
原料来源 source | 提取方法 extraction methods | 主要影响因素 main factors | 提取率/% extraction rate | 得率/% yield | 文献 ref. |
桑树 Morus alba L. | 超声波+碱法 ultrasound+alkali extraction | pH值 pH value | 14.42 | [ | |
辣木 M. oleifera | 加热法 heating method | 温度 temperature | 70.00 | [ | |
构(树) B. papyrifera | 碱法+加热法 alkali extraction+ thermal | 温度,pH值, 液料比 temperature, pH value, liquid-solid ratio | 14.32 | [ | |
苜蓿 M. sativa | 酸热法 acid heating method | pH值, 温度 pH value, temperature | 42.70 | [ | |
柠条 C. korshinskii | 碱法 alkali method | 料液比,浸提时间,碱浓度 solid-liquid ratio, extraction time, alkali concentration | 16.20 | [ | |
柠条 C. korshinskii | 挤压蒸煮法 extrusion cooking method | 温度,物料水分,螺杆转速 temperature, material moisture content, screw rotation speed | 65.39 | 24.03 | [ |
豆腐柴 P. microphylla | 碱法+加热法 alkali extraction+thermal | pH值, 料液比,浸提时间, 温度 pH value, solid-liquid ratio, extraction time, temperature | 82.04 | [ | |
苎麻 Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaudich. | 超声波辅助浸提 ultrasonic-assisted | 超声波处理时间 ultrasonic time | 11.26 | [ |
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