Using carbon by-products produced by bamboo gasification as raw material and the polymerized modified tar as the binder, the bamboo formed activated carbon was obtained by hydro-forming, pyrolytic cross-linking and followed by water vapor activation. The forming mechanism of different binders were analyzed, and the properties of activated carbon were investigated, such as the variety of the binder, the adding amount of modified tar, the activation temperature and the activation time. The results showed that after modification by aromatization and cross-linking, the molecular weight and thermal stability of tar were improved; the blocking effect of bamboo char pore channels was reduced; the bonding and pyrolytic cross-linking between char particles were enhanced; and high-performance bamboo forming activated carbon could be prepared. Using 40g bamboo charcoal as raw material, the tar addition amount of 12 g, the carbonization temperature of 550 ℃, the carbonization time of 90 min, the activation temperature of 850 ℃ and the activation time of 80 min, the iodine adsorption value of the formed carbon was 1 232 mg/g, the methylene blue(MB) adsorption value was 240 mg/g, the strength was 91%, and the yield was 48.5%. The specific surface area and total pore volume were 1 157 m²/g and 0.478 1 cm³, respectively. The adsorption rates of toluene and carbon tetrechloride were 385 mg/g and 75.2%, respectively. And the adsorption rate of toluene and carbon tetrechloride was positively related to the micropore volume of formed activated carbon.

In order to understand the anti-Trichophyton rubrum activity of the leaves of Heracleum vicinum, the difference of anti-T. rubrum activity between different parts of H. vicinum, other varieties of H. vicinum and some plants with anti-T. rubrum activity were studied using the size of inhibition zone as the index. The extraction process of H. vicinum leaves was optimized by single factor test and response surface method, and the solvent extraction and chemical composition pre-test analysis of H. vicinum leaves extract were carried out. The results showed that the anti-T. rubrum activities of different genera of Umbelliferae were different. H. vicinum had good antibacterial activity, and the antibacterial activities of leaves, seeds and roots were not significantly different. The optimal extraction conditions for the anti-T. rubrum activity of the leaves of H. vicinum was as follows: ethanol volume fraction of 25%, liquid-solid ratio of 15∶1(mL∶g), ultrasonic power of 220 W, extraction temperature of 80 ℃, and extraction time of 30 min. Under these process conditions, the inhibition zone of the extract of H. vicinum leaves against T. rubrum was (22±0.2) mm. The antibacterial components in the extract of H. vicinum leaves could be well dissolved in petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and n-butanol, where the petroleum ether extract had the best antibacterial effect. The preliminary test of chemical components showed that the active components of the leaves of H. vicinum against T. rubrum might be phenolic and flavonoid active components.

On the basis of static experiments, the purification effects of polysaccharides on 14 kinds of macroporous adsorption resins(S-8, ADS-F8, LSA-21, LSA-10, HP-20, ADS-17, NKA-9, DM130, AB-8, X-5, H103, D101, XAD-8, DA201) from Codonopsis pilosula(Franch.) Nannf. extraction were compared, and the better resin ADS-F8 was selected for dynamic adsorption. Based on the single factor experiments, the weighted comprehensive score of polysaccharides retention rate, decolorization rate and protein removal rate were used as the response values, and the response surface methodology was used to optimize the purification conditions of C. pilosula polysaccharide by macroporous resin. Meanwhile, the whitening activity, moisture absorption and moisture retention of the purified polysaccharides were tested. The results showed that the optimal purification conditions were as follows: loading concentration of 1 g/L, eluting volume of 150 mL, flow rate of 100 mL/h, and sample volume of 150 mL. Under these conditions, the comprehensive score of purification was (73.12±0.06)%(n=3), which was close to the predicted value of 73.02%. The purified polysaccharides had favorable whitening activity, and the half inhibitory mass concentration(IC₅₀) value of tyrosinase monophenase was 3.20 g/L, which was similar to the inhibitory effect of whitening agent phenylethylresorcinol. The IC₅₀ value of bisphenolase was 7.96 g/L, which is higher than phenylethylresorcinol of 0.73 g/L. When the air humidity was 43%, the purified polysaccharide showed strong hygroscopicity, and the highest moisture absorption rate was 123.01% at 12 h. In four air humidity conditions, the purified polysaccharides, crude polysaccharides and their mixture with a volume ratio 1∶1 to glycerol all had high moisture retention, especially, the moisturizing property of the mixture was better, and the moisturizing rate reached 99.95% within 12 h, which was significantly better than that of purified polysaccharide and crude polysaccharide.

Citric acid carbon dots(CDs) were prepared by a one-step hydrothermal method using citric acid as carbon source. The afterglow aerogel CDs@CNF was prepared by doping CDs into cellulose nanofibers(CNF) after physical cross-linking. The red afterglow aerogel CDs-RhB@CNF was prepared by triplet-to-singlet Förster resonance energy transfer(TS-FRET) strategy using CDs as donor and rhodamine B(RhB) as acceptor. The photophysical properties and microstructure of the aerogel were characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), ultraviolet-visible(UV-Vis) absorption spectrum, steady-state transient fluorescence spectroscopy and International Commission on Illumination(CIE) chromatograms. The results showed that, the phosphorescence lifetime of CDs@CNF at 535 nm was 144.88 ms, the CDs were uniformly distributed in the CNF aerogel, which had a honeycomb porous structure. The phosphorescence lifetime of CDs-RhB@CNF at 600 nm was 102.49 ms, and the Förster transfer efficiency was up to 65.9%. The yellow afterglow aerogel CDs-Rh6G@CNF and CDs-Rh123@CNF were obtained by doping rhodamine 6G(Rh6G) and rhodamine 123(Rh123) with fluorescent dyes, and the aerogel-loaded phosphorescent paper was further applied in the field of aesthetic origami and advanced anti-counterfeiting, extending the strategy and application area of preparing multicolor afterglow materials from natural biomass.

The extracts of Qinan(QN) and traditional agarwood(TA) were prepared by cold extraction(CE) and hot extraction(HE) with water and ethanol as solvent, respectively. The chemical constituents of the extracts were analyzed by GC-MS and HPLC, and their antioxidant and antibacterial activities were studied. The results showed that the species of sesquiterpenoids in QN were less than those of TA, while the contents of sesquiterpenoids in both were higher than that of TA. There was almost no tetrahydro-2-(2-phenylethyl) chromones(THPECs) in QN, and Flidersia type 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromones(FTPECs) was contained, where the mass fraction of 2-(2-phenethyl) chromone could reach 10.87%, and the mass fraction of 2-[2-(4-methoxy)phenethyl]chromone was 4.80%. The species and contents of THPECs in TA were rich, and the mass fraction of agartetrol could reach 1.50%. With the increasing ethanol volume fraction(0-55%), the ABTS free radical scavenging ability and iron ion reduction ability of QN and TA extracts increased. Although the antioxidant activity of QN water extracts was lower than that of TA, while its ethanol extracts were higher than that of TA. QN and TA had no significant antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, but their water extracts had antibacterial activity against Candida albicans.

The ethanol precipitation, deproteinization process and anti-oxidant activity of polysaccharides from pine needles of Cedrus deodara were studied. On the basis of single factor experiment, the concentration ratio of extraction solution, volume fraction of ethanol, and alcohol settling time were optimized by Box-Behnken design model. The optimum conditions of alcohol precipitation of C. deodara pine needles were determined by comparing the yield of polysaccharides. With the protein removal rate and polysaccharide loss rate as the index, the deproteinization effect of Sevage method and three chloroacetic acid method on polysaccharide of pine needles were compared, and the amount of reagent and the times of deproteinization were investigated. The anti-oxidant ability of the purified polysaccharides was evaluated by DPPH and ABTS free radical methods. The optimum alcohol precipitation conditions for the polysaccharide of pine needles were the concentration ratio(volume of crude extract to dry weight of pine needles) of 3:1(mL: g), the alcohol volume fraction of first order alcohol precipitation of 71%, the temperature of alcohol precipitation of 40℃, and the time of alcohol precipitation of 10 h. Under these conditions, the yield of pine needles polysaccharide was 3.81%, which was close to the predicted value. The supernatant after collecting polysaccharides was concentrated according to the ratio of solution to pine needle dry mass of 1:1(mL: g), and the volume fraction of alcohol precipitate at two level was 80%. The protein removal efficiency of Sevage method was superior to three chloroacetic acid method. Its optimum condition was that the volume ratio of Sevage reagent to polysaccharide solution was 1:1, and the number of protein removal was 3 times. After purification, the contents of primary and secondary alcohol precipitate polysaccharides were calculated by UV method with glucose conversions of 35.36% and 36.62%, respectively. The scavenging activities on DPPH and ABTS radicals were as follows: vitamin C(Vc)>secondary alcohol precipitate polysaccharides>butylated hydroxytoluene(BHT)>primary alcohol precipitates polysaccharides. The purified 80% alcohol precipitation polysaccharides of C. deodara pine needles showed good anti-oxidant activity.

The ethanolic extracts of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. leaves were isolated and purified, where thirteen compounds were obtained, including one new compound and twelve known compounds. The structures of the compounds were identified by spectral data as follows: (R, 9Z, 12E, 15Z)-11-hydroxyoctadeca-9, 12, 15-trienoic acid(1), 7-hydroxycoumarin(2), astragaline(3), quercetine(4), quercetin-3-O-glucoside(5), 2-(3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5, 7-dihydroxy-3-[(3-O-α-D-xylopyranosyl-α-D-galactopy-ranosyl)oxy]-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one(6), (2R, 3S)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-methoxypropane-1, 2-diol(7), (2S, 3R)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-methoxypropane-1, 2-diol(8), chlorogenic acid(9), gardendiol(10), 4-benzyloxy benzoic acid(11), vanillic acid(12) and myristic acid(13). Among them, compound 1 was a new fatty acid compound. The anti-neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective activities of 13 compounds were studied. The results showed that compounds 4, 5 and 10 exhibited significant anti-neuroinflammatory activity by inhibiting the release of nitric oxide(NO) production in lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced in mouse microglia(BV-2 cells), with half inhibitory concentration(IC₅₀) values of (10.8±0.9), (9.7±1.1) and (10.7±0.3) μmol/L, respectively. Compound 5 exhibited significant neuroprotective activity under oxidative stress. After pretreatment with 20 μmol/L H₂O₂-induced rat adrenal pheochromocytoma cells(PC-12 cells), the cell survival rate was (86.5±0.5)%, which was higher than that of the positive control hesperidin.

Based on the theory of lignin-based polyurethane preparation, this article summarized the methods for binding lignin and polyurethane when polyurethane adhesives were prepared from lignin, and elucidated the research status of lignin and modified lignin for preparing polyurethane adhesives. Furthermore, the main modification methods of lignin for the synthesis of polyurethane adhesives were summarized, and the influence of lignin modification methods on the performance of polyurethane adhesives was also discussed. It can be found that the ultimate goal of modification of ligin is to convert the phenolic hydroxyl groups into alcohol hydroxyl groups, in order to improve the reaction activity between lignin and polyurethane. Finally, the development directions of lignin polyurethane adhesives were prospected.

In order to construct a new composite film material with all-component from biomass, ternary deep eutectic solvent consisting of choline chloride-oxalic acid dihydrate-glycerol(ChCl-OAd-Gly) was used to pretreat bagasse raw materials, and the treated residue was recombined with the dissolved components to obtain lignin-containing nanocellulose(LNC) by homogeniza-tion. The lignin-containing nanocellulose film(LNCF) functional materials was then prepared via vacuum-assisted and hot press methods. The influence of the lignin content on UV shielding properties, mechanical properties, water resistance, thermal stability and morphology of LNCF were studied using elemental analysis, atomic force microscopy(AFM), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), material universal tester, thermogravimetric analyzer and spectrophotometer. The results showed that with the lignin addition increase at 20% by volume, the lignin mass fraction in LNC increase 2-3 percentage point the diameter of LNC decrease slightly. The prepared LNCF exhibited good UV shielding effect, and the UV shielding rate in 200-400 nm and the visible light transmittance in 390-780 nm for LNCF-100% reached 99.68% and 65.46%, respectively. The addition of lignin enhanced the mechanical properties of LNCF, and its tensile strength increased from 76.61 MPa of LNCF-0% to 144.73 MPa of LNCF-100%. The hydrophobicity of LNCF was significantly improved. The water contact angle of LNCF-100% surface was 90.47°, and the water absorption rate of LNCF-0% without lignin reduced from 21.52% to 7.14%. Accordingly, the wet mechanical properties were maintained with the wet strength up to 77.3 MPa. Moreover, all six LNCF displayed good thermal stability, and the temperature of maximum pyrolytic weight loss was higher than 337 ℃。

Using the branches and leaves of Taxus cuspidata Siebold et Zucc. as raw materials and petroleum ether as extraction solvent, the taxinine was extracted by the ultrasonic-assisted method. The extraction process was optimized by single factor test and orthogonal method, and taxinine was obtained by separation and purification. In addition, the anti-tumor activity test was conducted on different separation components of petroleum ether and taxinine. The optimal conditions for ultrasonic-assisted method of 10 g taxinine were ultrasonic power of 168 W, extraction time of 50 min, material to liquid ratio of 1∶8(g∶mL) and extraction temperature of 50 ℃. The petroleum ether extract was separated and purified by silica gel column and C18 reversed-phase column to obtain taxanes. The compound was identified by nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) and single crystal X-ray diffraction structure analysis. The results of anti-tumor activity of Fr.1-Fr.7 fraction and taxinine obtained from Fr.4 fraction showed that Fr.1, Fr.3, Fr.4 and Fr.5 had good inhibitory activity on human cervical cancer cells, with half inhibitory mass concentration(IC₅₀) values of 32.3, 31.9, 22.3 and 38.4 mg/L, respectively. Taxinine had a good inhibitory effect on human breast cancer cells, human non-small cell lung cancer cells and human cervical cancer cells. Among them, the inhibitory effect on non-small cell lung cancer was relatively best, with IC₅₀ value of 13.1 mg/L, followed by the inhibitory effect on breast cancer cells and IC₅₀ value was 17.9 mg/L. It also had a certain inhibitory effect on cervical cancer cells, with IC₅₀ value of 35.5 mg/L.

Firstly, the decontamination mechanism of biomass-based carbon materials was summarized, and the selection, preparation and surface modification methods of biomass raw materials were analyzed according to the mechanism. The effects of internal factors, including pore structure and surface functional groups, and external factors such as initial concentration, adsorbent dosage, contact time, solution pH and temperature on the adsorption performance were discussed. In addition, the adsorption characteristics such as adsorption thermodynamics, adsorption isotherm and adsorption kinetics were analyzed. Finally, the problems existed in the practical application of biomass-based carbon materials and the diverse development directions in the future were summarized, hoping to provide reference for the application of biomass based carbon materials in the high-efficiency treatment of dying wastewater.

In this work, the biomass resource reserve and its potential application as energy source in China was first analyzed. Subsequently, the principle, technical route, and the influence factors of the biomass gasification polygeneration for biogas and biochar technology were comprehensirvely introduced. Furthermore, the typical cases of multiple gasification integrated systems adapted to different feedstocks forms were described and the biomass gasification technology was prespected. The successful implementation of biomass gasification co-production of biogas and biochar technology was of great importantce for China to establish a clean, low-carbon, safe and efficient energy system, increase the share of the renewable energy in national energy supply, and achieve the goal of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality.

The primary network was formed by using ethanol vapor to induce the microcrystalline cellulose(MCC)-sodium hydroxide/urea solution. The acrylic acid(AA) and acrylamide(AM) were chosen as raw materials, together with N, N′-methylene bisacrylamide(MBAA) as a cross-linking agent, and ammonium persulfate(APS) as an initiator to fabricate the secondary network. Then, ferric chloride was introduced by soaking method to construct a multi-crosslinked cellulose/polyacrylamide-polyacrylic acid/ iron ion hydrogel(C/PAMAA/Fe³⁺). The mechanical and electrochemical properties of the hydrogel were investigated. The results showed that the coordination bond formed by Fe³⁺ and —COO^- acted as a sacrificial fracture during deformation, which contributed to the improvement of the mechanical properties of C/PAMAA/Fe³⁺. The hydrogel showed the toughness of 17.13 MJ/m³ and tensile strength of 4.59 MPa, respectively. Moreover, the results of the cyclic tensile loading-unloading test showed that the energy dissipation efficiency of the C/PAMAA/Fe³⁺ hydrogel increased with the increase of Fe³⁺ concentration, and the energy dissipation rate increased from 56.86% to 75.17%. Besides, the elastic recovery after the second cyclic loading-unloading could reach around 85.0%. As the increasing concentration of Fe³⁺, the ionic conductivity of the C/PAMAA/Fe³⁺ hydrogel increased, and a Fe³⁺ concentration of 0.2 mol/L was 1.03 S/m. The C/PAMAA/Fe³⁺ hydrogel was assembled as a strain sensor, and the sensitivity was 4.0. The resistance change results of the stretching increment and stretching cycle showed that the C/PAMAA/Fe³⁺ hydrogel strain sensor had good stability. The results of real-time monitoring of joint activities showed that the sensor had a stable strain response.

To prepare renewable biomass-based membrane materials with excellent mechanical properties, high light transmittance, good water vapor and oxygen barrier properties, bamboo nanocellulose(B-CNF) was prepared from bleached sulfate bamboo pulp fibers(BP), and then the molecular structure of cellulose in bamboo fibers was modified by oxidation with sodium periodate to prepare bamboo nanocellulose membrane material using bamboo as matrix. When B-CNF was oxidized and treated with NaIO₄ for 0.5, 1.5 and 3 h, the resulting oxidized bamboo nanocellulose was labeled as OB-CNF-0.5, OB-CNF-1.5 and OB-CNF-3, respectively, and the corresponding prepared membrane materials were labeled as OBF-0.5, OBF-1.5 and OBF-3. The membrane material prepared by B-CNF was named as BF. The membrane materials were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer(FT-IR), scanning electron microscope(SEM), and atomic force microscope(AFM) and other methods, and their mechanical properties, light transmission properties, water vapor and oxygen barrier properties were tested. The results showed that the oxidation of periodate could successfully introduce aldehyde groups in the long chain of cellulose molecules of bamboo fibers. As the oxidation time of periodate was extended to 3.0 h, the content of aldehyde groups in bamboo nanocellulose increased to 1.23 mmol/g. Compared with BF, with the extension of oxidation time, the bamboo nanocellulose-based membrane material would gradually develop a layered structure. The light transmission at the wavelength of 600 nm increased from 82.24% to 97.49%, the water vapor transmission(WVTR) decreased from 0.35 g·mm/(m²·h·kPa) to 0.13 g·mm/(m²·h·kPa), and the oxygen transmission(OTR) decreased from 4.37×10^-3cm³/(m²·d·Pa) to 1.68×10^-5cm³/(m²·d·Pa).The comprehensive performance of the membrane material OBF-1.5 was great, with tensile strength of 42.85 MPa, elongation at break of 8.88%, light transmission over 90% at 600 nm, water vapor transmission of 0.14 g·mm/(m²·h·kPa) and oxygen transmission of 1.68×10^-5cm³/(m²·d·Pa)

Aromatic aldehydes were important raw materials for the synthesis of fine chemicals such as dyes, spices, pesticides and drugs. Lignin was the second largest component in lignocellulosic biomass, and was the only renewable resource for producing aromatic compounds. Catalytic oxidation could transform lignin into highly functionalized aromatic aldehydes(e.g., p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillin, syringaldehyde, etc.) under mild conditions, which was regarded as one of the effective ways to realize the resource utilization of lignin. Firstly, the structural characteristics and depolymerization mechanism of lignin were introduced, and the effects of lignin structure on the production of aromatic aldehydes were summarized and discussed. Then, recent progress in the preparation of aromatic aldehydes by oxidative depolymerization of lignin was introduced in detail from the methods of catalytic oxidative depolymerization methods(e.g., wet oxidation and alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation, catalytic oxidative depolymerization with homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, photocatalytic oxidation and electrocatalytic oxidation) and types of catalysts(e.g., metal salts and metal porphyrins, heteropoly acids and other homogeneous catalysts, metal oxides and perovskite oxides and other heterogeneous catalysts). Moreover, the upgrading and conversion of aromatic aldehydes into high value-added products such as 2-methoxy-4-methylphenol, aromatic nitrile, aromatic amides and new organic polymer materials were further summarized. Finally, the existing problems in the current research on lignin oxidative depolymerization were summarized, and the possible development direction in the future was proposed, which laid a foundation for lignin oxidative depolymerization and high value-added utilization.

An HPLC method was developed for the simultaneous analysis of quinic acid(QA) and gallic acid(GA) in tara powder enzymatic digestion waste solution, and the methodological verification was carried out. The HPLC fingerprints were further drawn and the different batches of tara powder enzymatic digestion waste solution were evaluated by combining similarity and cluster analysis. The results showed that the detection wavelength at 215 nm, mobile phase acetonitrile-0.1% aqueous trifluoroacetic acid aqueous solution, acetonitrile gradient of 5%-20%, flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and column temperature of 30 ℃ were selected as the chromatographic analysis conditions for quinic acid and gallic acid. The linear range of quinic acid standard curve was 1.25-20 g/L, and the detection limit was 0.5 g/L. The linear range of gallic acid standard curve was 0.062 5-1 g/L, and the detection limit was 5 mg/L. The RSD of precision, repeatability, stability, and the spiked recovery test were less than 5%.The average spiked recoveries of quinic acid and gallic acid were 100.87% and 99.65%, respectively. The similarity of the fingerprint profiles of the 12 batches of waste samples was greater than 0.95. The samples could be divided into two categories by cluster analysis, with samples No.10 and No.11 were clustered into one category, and the rest samples were clustered into one category. The mass concentrations of quinic acid and gallic acid were calculated to be 482.3 g/L and 35.7 g/L, respectively.

The chemical components in the milky sap of Euphorbia helioscopia L. were identified by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole electrostatic field orbital trap high resolution mass spectrometry(UPLC-Orbitrap-Exploris-120) combined with nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR). The petroleum ether extraction of the fresh milky sap of E. helioscopia was prepared for the test solution. Separation was performed by a Thermo Hypersil GOLD Vanquish C18 column(2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.9 μm) with acetonitrile-0.1% formic acid aqueous solution as the mobile phase. The test solution was detected by orbitrap mass spectrometry in both positive and negative mode. The components were identified according to the MS accurate mass and MS/MS spectrometry fragment information, combination with the data analysis by Compound Discoverer 3.2, and compared with reference standards and literature reports. A total of 43 compounds were screened and identified from the milky sap of E. helioscopia for the first time, including diterpenoids, triterpenoids, steroidal, fatty acids, etc. Three diterpenoids, including euphornin G(11), euphornin A(16) and euphornin(22), were respectively isolated from the milky sap of E. helioscopia and further confirmed by NMR.

Taking Dendrocalamus sinicus(DS) as the research object, hydrogen peroxide-acetic acid(PA) pretreatment was carried out to investigate the effects of sulfuric acid addition on chemical compositions, enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency and ethanol yield. The results showed that the lignin content of bamboo decreased with the increase of sulfuric acid during PA pretreatment, while the relative contents of cellulose and hemicellulose increased. In addition, adding sulfuric acid as reaction promoter in PA pretreatment could improve the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency. When the volume fraction of sulfuric acid was 0.5%, the 72 h yields of glucose and xylose were 84.77% and 85.05%, respectively, which were increased by 42.40% and 33.72% compared to that of hydrogen peroxide-acetic acid pretreatment without sulfuric acid. The hydrolysate was fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the mass concentration of ethanol was 13.52 g/L, which was 73.33% higher than that of the hydrolysate pretreated by hydrogen peroxide-acetic acid without sulfuric acid. During the PA pretreatment of D. sinicus, sulfuric acid was used as an additive, which could reduce the hydrophobicity of substrate and the surface coverage of lignin while the crystallinity and specific surface area were increased. Adding 0.5% sulfuric acid, the accessibility of cellulose increased from 282.15 mg/g (without sulfuric acid) to 500.12 mg/g, as well as further increased the productive adsorption between cellulase and cellulose, resulting in an improvement of the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency and fermentation yield of D. sinicus.

Bamboo was pretreated by choline chloride(ChCl)/1, 4-butanediol(BDO)/AlCl₃ deep eutectic solvent(DES) system with a solid to liquid ratio of 1∶4(g∶g) at 90-130 ℃. The effects of DES reaction system with high loading capacity of lignocellulose on chemical composition, enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency, and lignin recovery of moso bamboo were investigated at different temperatures. The results of the research showed that the mass fractions of xylan and lignin in the pretreated substrates decreased gradually with the increase of pretreatment temperature, while the mass fraction of glucan increased, and the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency increased significantly. When conducting pretreatment at the optimal condition of 110 ℃, the recovery rate of pretreated substrates was 59.24%, and the recovery rate of glucan and xylan were 91.38% and 27.03%, respectively. The lignin removal ratio was 69.72%, and the glucan enzymatic hydrolysis yield reached almost 100%, indicating that the ChCl/BDO/AlCl₃ ternary DES system could greatly improve the pretreatment efficiency of moso bamboo. Further research showed that more than 90% lignin in the pretreatment liquid could be recovered by sequential organic solvent dissolution and reprecipitation, and the purity of the recovered lignin had high value of 99.26%. From the mass balance, it was found that each component of moso bamboo could be separated and transformed effectively.

The rice straw was pretreated by choline chloride/urea deep eutectic solvent(DES) system, and the pretreated straw fiber was dissociated by mechanical homogenization treatment. With the DES addition of 1.5%, 2.5%, 3.5% and 4.5% of the straw mass, the prepared dissociated fiber slurries were labeled as DES-1.5%, DES-2.5%, DES-3.5% and DES-4.5%, respectively, while the sample without DES treatment was used as the control(CK). The properties of the dissociated fibers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR), X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and fluorescence microscopy. The chemical composition of the dissociated fibers treated by different methods was analyzed by NREL method, and the mechanical energy consumption of the disc mill and the film-forming mechanical properties of the dissociated fibers were studied. The results showed that the homogenization pretreatment of DES system combined with disc grinding machine could destroy the connection of LCC through the competition of hydrogen bonds, thus promoting the dissociation of straw fibers and facilitating the fibrillation of fibers. Compared with CK, when the addition amount of DES was 3.5%, the microfibril angle and crystallinity increased from 35.84° and 41.3% to 47.61° and 50.1%, respectively, in addition to a lignin content decrease by 5.3 percentage points. Moreover, the fracture of the surface layer of rice straw fiber increased, and the energy consumption of disc milling decreased by 160 kW·h/t. The straw fiber mulch prepared under this condition had the best weighted mechanical properties. The results of fluorescence microscopy showed that DES pretreatment could accelerate the migration and dissolution of lignin to the surface of straw fiber.