In order to promote the development of biomass gasification technology and the utilization of gasification products, the development and industrial status of biomass gasification technology, gasifier type and its development status at home and abroad were mainly introduced, and the advantages and disadvantages of biomass gasification technology were analyzed. At the same time, it is also found that China's biomass resources had great potential and biomass energy had the excellent characteristics of renewability, such as renewable, less pollution, large reserves, wide distribution, zero carbon emissions and so on. However, it was difficult to internationalize because of a series of problems such as imperfect of collection-storage-transportation system, shortage of capital chain and more by-products. It was further prospected that biomass gasification in China should not only take a basic research, but also consider the overall demand of biomass gasification technology and the competition with other technologies as the future development direction and important key point. This paper was expected to lay a solid foundation for the further development of biomass gasification technology and the high-value utilization of gasification products.

Tannic acid(TA) is a kind of multi hydroxyl aromatic biomass. The thermal properties of TA were analyzed by thermogravimetric experiment, the carbonization process of TA was observed by muffle furnace heating experiment, the apparent activation energy was observed by KAS and Ozawa method, and the most probable function was determined by Satava method. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that TA entered the state of rapid weight loss at about 182 ℃; when the temperature reached 800 ℃, the carbon residue of TA in nitrogen atmosphere was 15.29%. In air atmosphere, the carbon residue was 1.97% due to the second rapid weight loss in the temperature range of 436-538 ℃. It was found in the macro carbonization experiment that TA would form an expanded carbon layer when heated. Among them, a hollow carbon layer appeared at 100-200 ℃, and a solid carbon layer was formed at 300-400 ℃, which had obvious expansion, integrity, compactness and good gloss. It had the potential to become a new carbon source in intumescent flame retardants. The results of thermal decomposition kinetics showed that the apparent activation energy of thermal decomposition of TA in nitrogen atmosphere was 494 kJ/mol, lgA was 111.32, and the most probable mechanism function of rapid weight loss stage was G(α)=[-ln(1-α)]^1/n, n=0.105 3, and its thermal decomposition mechanism belonged to random nucleation and subsequent nucleation growth reaction.

Stimulus-responsive hydrogels, as a new class of functional polymer materials, can actively sense the difference of the external environment and reflect the change to the outside world by specific ways such as swelling or contraction, and show a great application potential in many fields of life and production. As a renewable natural resources, biomass has been widely applied in the preparation of stimulus-responsive hydrogels in recent years. Particularlly for rapid development of engineering technology and applications, including controllable/active polymerization and click chemistry, dynamic covalent bond, supramolecular self-assembly and super molecular aggregation state regulatory molecules, etc, is able to overcome the instrisic structure defects of biomass macromolecule to a certain extent, and fabricate the stimulus-responsive hydrogels containing unique molecular structure of biomass raw materials, which promoted the development of new green synthesis strategies, multi-functional technology, simple modular synthesis technology, modern biotechnology and other technologies. Based on the stimulus-responsive methods and types of stimulus-responsive hydrogels, this paper assembles six types of hydrogels, including temperature response, acid-base response, light response, electric response, magnetic response and multiple response and highlights the effect of the unique molecular structure of biomass raw materials on the performance of the stimulus-responsive hydrogels. Also, the applications of biomass-based hydrogels with different environmental responses in the fields of drug controlled release, biological tissue engineering, biosensors, adsorption materials, cell culture and antibacterial materials were summarized, and the future development direction of biomass-based hydrogels was prospected.

To explore the development and utilization of flavonoids in the leaves of the main bamboo species of Bambusa, extracts of leaves from ten bamboo species were obtained by extraction, separation and purification, using bamboo leaves from Bambusa as the materials. A HPLC method was established for the determination of 5 flavonoids in extract of bamboo leaves, and the antioxidant activities of those extracts were evaluated by DPPH and ABTS assays. The HPLC method for the determination of 5 flavonoids isoorientin, orientin, vitexin, isovitexin and luteoside in extract of bamboo leaves was using YMC-Pack ODS-A column(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) with 0.5% acetic acid/water(A) and acetonitrile(B) as the mobile phases, elution with 14% B for 40 min, the injection volume 10 μL, the flow rate 1 mL/min, the column temperature 30 ℃ and the detection wavelength at 340 nm. Under these conditions, the five flavonoids were completely separated within 40 min, the degree of separation was greater than 1.2, and the concentration had a good linear correlation with the peak area(R²>0.999). The recovery rate was 94.36%-105.37%, and the relative standard deviation(RSD) was 0.98%-3.48%. These results indicated that the method was stable and reliable. The total contents of 5 flavonoids in extract of leaves from 10 bamboo species of Bambusa measured under these conditions were 62.30-223.24 mg/g, and the mass fraction of bamboo leaves extract from B. multiplex f. fernleaf was the highest(223.24 mg/g). The half inhibitory mass fraction(IC₅₀) values of DPPH· and ·ABTS⁺ were 28.58-44.37 mg/L and 8.58-11.07 mg/L, respectively, slightly higher than those of Vc and BHT. The bamboo species with better DPPH· scavenging rate were B. eutuldoides (IC₅₀=28.58 mg/L), B. textilis (IC₅₀=28.68 mg/L) and B. multiplex f. fernleaf (IC₅₀=31.65 mg/L). The bamboo species with better ABTS^·+ scavenging rate were B. multiplex f. fernleaf(IC₅₀=8.58 mg/L), B. multiplex f. silverstripe(IC₅₀=9.11 mg/L) and B. textilis (IC₅₀=9.27 mg/L). The IC₅₀ values of B. multiplex f. fernleaf and B. textilis of two kinds of radicals were lower, which were the two bamboo species with the best removal effect and the most value of development and utilization.

Firstly, this review introduced the research background and application status of bio-based hydrogels. According to the different crosslinking mechanisms, physical and chemical hydrogels were classified and described. Then, the hydrogels prepared from cellulose, chitosan, protein and other bio-based materials were summarized based on the classification of the used biomass, including the solvents system of cellulose, the preparation of cellulose-based hydrogels and modification of cellulose derivatization. Also, the feedstock sources and modification methods of chitosan-based hydrogels, as well as cross-linking mechanisms such as electrostatic interaction and imine bond formed by amine groups on their molecular chains were assembled. Protein-based hydrogels with good biocompatibility and bioactivity, formed by β-folded self-assembly of polypeptide chains were depicted as well in this review. Similarly, bio-based hydrogels prepared by using physical or chemical crosslinking of hydrophilic natural polymers such as starch, sodium alginate and carrageenan, were introduced respectively. At the same time, the main applications of functionalized bio-based hydrogels in the biomedical fields were described in detail, including drug sustained release, targeted delivery, cell media, tissue repair scaffolds, wound dressings, etc. In addition, the application and research progress of bio-based hydrogels as adsorbent materials in environmental field were reviewed, and their applications in packaging, sensing, photoelectric catalysis and other fields were also highlighted. Finally, the development opportunities and challenges of bio-based hydrogels were summarized, and the future research directions were prospected.

As a green bio-based platform chemical, 2, 5-furan dicarboxylic acid(FDCA) was widely used in polyester, plasticizer, fire protection, medicine, etc. At present, according to the distinction of raw materials for the synthesis of FDCA, the synthetic routes of FDCA could be divided into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural(HMF) route, furoic acid route and other raw material routes. Among them, furfural acid could be prepared from the oxidation of bulk bio-based chemical furfural, and the industrial production of furfural made the preparation of FDCA from furfural acid had the potential advantages of green and economical. Based on this, this paper reviews the research status of four methods for preparing FDCA from furoic acid, including: disproportionation, carbonylation, carboxylation and biocatalysis methods. The paper also summarizes a comparative analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of each method and highlights the progress made in their respective research fields. A comparative analysis indicates that the C-H carboxylation method is a gentle and environmentally friendly process, demonstrating significant potential for large-scale production.

The antibacterial effects of cinnamon essential oil and cinnamaldehyde on bacteria(Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and fungi(Candida albicans) were compared by filter paper method, minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration(MBC). The antioxidant activities of cinnamon essential oil and cinnamaldehyde were compared by ABTS⁺· scavenging ability and ferric reducing antioxidant power(FRAP), as well as their antityrosinase activities were compared. The results showed that the two research subjects showed different sensitivities to the inhibitory effects of the five tested strains, and both had the best inhibitory effect on C. albicans. According to the results of MIC and MBC, cinnamic essential oil and cinnamaldehyde had different inhibitory effects on the tested strains, among which the inhibitory effects of cinnamaldehyde on S. aureus, C. albicans and P. aeruginosa were obviously better than those of cinnamon essential oil. The antioxidant activity of cinnamic essential oil was better than that of cinnamaldehyde. The ABTS⁺· scavenging rate(94.1%) of 16 g/L cinnamic essential oil was 3 times that of the same concentration of cinnamic aldehyde. The FRAP value(1 502 μmol/L) was 5.8 times that of cinnamaldehyde at the same concentration. Both cinnamon essential oil and cinnamon aldehyde could significantly inhibit tyrosinase activity. The IC₅₀ of cinnamon essential oil to tyrosinase was 4.02 g/L, while the IC₅₀ of cinnamaldehyde to tyrosinase was less than 1.25 g/L.

Pretreatment was a key step in sugar platform -based biomass refinery using lignocellulosic biomass as raw material. In this paper, the advantages and disadvantages of the commonly used methods such as dilute acid/alkali, steam explosion, liquid hot water, microwave, subcritical CO₂, ionic liquids, deep-eutectic solvents, organosolv, milling/grinding, and biological, and the research progress of subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation were reviewed. Furthermore, the application of the co-production of ethanol and platform chemicals in the pretreatment of biomass feedstock at home and abroad based on Aspen Plus and techno-economic analysis were introduced. Finally, the drawbacks of Aspen Plus in biomass pretreatment for ethanol production were summarized and the further research directions were proposed.

The content of basic nutrients, amino acids and mineral elements in 4 kinds of insect teas, including Herculia glaucinalis-Ampelopsis cantoniensis insect tea, H. glaucinalis-A. grossedentata insect tea, Hydrillodes repugnalis-Platycarya strobilacea Sieb. et Zucc insect tea and H. glaucinalis-Houttuynia cordata Thunb. insect tea, were detected and analyzed. The results showed that 4 kinds of insect teas contained a variety of nutrient compositions, but there were certain differences. The contents of polyphenol, flavonoid, total sugar, protein, crude fiber and crude fat in 4 kinds of insect teas were 17.17-255.64 μmol/g, 2.46-27.18 mg/g, 0.64%-2.52%, 0.68%-1.27%, 13.50%-18.34%, and 0.17%-9.85%, respectively. The contents of polyphenols and flavonoid were highest in the A. cantoniensis insect tea. There were 17 common amino acids in 4 kinds of insect tea, and the amino acid content was 70.16-81.46 mg/g. In particular, the contents of amino acid such as aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine and leucine were high. The proportion of total essential amino acids in P. strobilacea insect tea was 37.65%, which was close to the requirements of the ideal model of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO)/World Health Organization(WHO). The ratio of essential amino acids to non-essential amino acids reaches 60.39%, which meets the requirements of the ideal model of FAO and WHO. The 4 kinds of insect tea were rich in Ca, P, Mg, K and Mn and other mineral elements required by the human body. The contents of K, Mg in H. cordata insect tea were as high as 21.91 and 3.93 mg/g, respectively. In addition, A. grossedentata insect tea and H. cordata insect tea contained the essential microelement Se in human body.

In recent years, levulinic acid has been considered as a key biobased platform compound and attracted wide attention, which can be utilized in the synthesis of many high value-added chemicals. Among them, levulinates, as a class of important chemical products, can be used in alternative fuels, edible spices, plasticizers and other fields, especially as alternative fuels, which provides a feasible reference scheme for sustainable development. In this paper, the recent research progress on the catalytic synthesis of levulinates in the field of biomass conversion was reviewed. The reaction performances and related mechanisms were introduced involving in several approaches, such as the esterification of levulinic acid, the alcoholysis of furfuryl alcohol, the conversion of monosaccharides and cellulosic materials, respectively. The synthesis of levulinates was summarized and prospected.

In order to explore the antioxidant activity of cinnamon polysaccharides, the protein was removed from the water extract of cinnamon(CE)to obtain crude polysaccharides. By using cellulose ion column DE-52 and propylene dextran gel S-300, the cinnamon neutral polysaccharides(CNP) was obtained. The relative molecular mass(M_r) of CNP was determined by gel permeation chromatography(GPC), and the monosaccharide component of CNP were determined by pre-column derivatization high performance liquid chromatography. The connection modes of its monosaccharides were determined by methylation method and nuclear magnetic resonance method. The in vitro chemical model was used to study the scavenging effects of CNP on DPPH· and ABTS⁺·. The results indicated that the weight average relative molecular mass(M_w) of CNP was 3 630 and the main monosaccharide was glucose. Three kinds of connection modes of monosaccharides were 1, 4, 5-Ac₃-2, 3, 6-Me₃-Glu, 1, 5-Ac₂-2, 3, 4, 6-Me₄-Glu, and 1, 5, 6-Ac₃-2, 3, 4-Me₃-Glu. The determination results of free radicals scavenging by CNP showed that when the mass concentration of CNP was 2 g/L, the DPPH· scavenging rate reached the maximum of 84%, the ABTS⁺· scavenging rate reached 60%. Although the free radical scavenging rate of CNP was lower than that of Vc, the DPPH· scavenging effect was comparable to that of Vc when the concentration of CNP reached 0.5 g/L. Therefore, the antioxidant activity of cinnamon neutral polysaccharide was good and had good development value.

The filter paper was used as raw material to prepare cellulose nanocrystals(CNCs) and gold nanoparticles(GNPs) were prepared by sodium citrate reduction method. Subsequently, CNCs/GNPs composite iridescence was prepared by blending GNPs and CNCs at different mass ratios, following by adding fructose to the above system in order to study the influence of fructose on the plasmon absorption resonance effect. Then, the composite films were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy(TEM), reflection spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy(SEM), polarized light microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction(XRD), ultraviolet-visible(UV) spectroscopy and circular dichroism(CD). The results showed that CNCs have self-assembled during the film formation process and formed a left-handed chiral layered liquid crystal structure; the composite film had obvious iridescent color, periodic layered structure and fingerprint texture. The addition of GNPs did not change the CNCs itself, but the composite membrane had obvious plasmon resonance absorption peak and blue-shifted. Moreover, the addition of fructose could make the color of the film red-shifted and promote the more uniform dispersion of GNPs, thereby enhancing the plasmon resonance absorption effect of GNPs. Particularly, the addition of GNPs and fructose did not change the crystal structure of CNCs, nor did it affect the crystallinity of cellulose.

Using bleached shellac as raw material, water soluble shellac-based carbon quantum dots(shellac-CQDs) with blue fluorescence were synthesized by hydrothermal and one-step synthesis method. Their composition and structure were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS), transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and dynamic light scattering(DLS). The analysis results showed that shellac-CQDs mainly contained C and O elements, which were composed of aromatic ring structure and a large number of oxygen-containing functional groups, with an average particle size of 2.0 nm. The spectral tests showed that the maximum excitation wavelength and emission wavelength of shellac-CQDs were 320 and 432 nm, respectively. The maximum absorption wavelength in the UV-Vis spectrum was 289 nm. Based on the good fluorescence properties of shellac-CQDs and the quenching effect of tetracycline hydrochloride on its fluorescence, a new method for the detection of tetracycline hydrochloride using shellac-CQDs as fluorescence sensor was established. The results showed that there was a good linear relationship between the fluorescence peak areas and the concentration of tetracycline hydrochloride in the range of 0.02-0.10 g/L. The detection limit of this method was 0.01 g/L. It has been preliminarily applied to the detection of tetracycline hydrochloride in tap water or feed, and the recovery rate of the samples was 96.9%-107.7%, and the relative standard deviation(RSD) was between 1.9% and 5.5%, indicating that this method has high accuracy, good repeatability and potential practical application value.

Cellulose acetate nanofibers(CANFs)were prepared by electrospinning cellulose acetate(CA), followed by deacetylation to obtain cellulose nanofibers(CNFs). Subsequentially, in-situ polymerization of polypyrrole was perform to fabricate the conductive composite nanofibers(CNFs-PPy), which was combined with cellulose paper as a flexible substrate for assembling a flexible pressure sensor. The materials were characterized by FT-IR, XRD and SEM, and the mechanical and sensing performance of the devices were analyzed using a universal material testing machine and an electrochemical workstation. The results showed that polypyrrole was successfully coated on the surface of cellulose nanofibers, and the nitrogen content of composite nanofiber was 24.8%. The current-voltage curves of the sensor maintained a good linear relationship under 1-15 kPa pressure load, and the relative current change rate increased with increasing pressure. The sensitivity values of the sensor were up to 1.77 kPa^-1 in the range of low pressure(0-0.99 kPa), 0.43 kPa^-1 in the range of medium pressure(1.00-8.33 kPa) and 0.22 kPa^-1 in high pressure(8.53-15 kPa), respectively. The sensor had excellent signal reliability and stability, i.e., the sensing signal remained stable after 3 000 cycles of loading. The sensor could realize the real-time monitoring of external pressure changes such as finger touch, which provided a new insights into the development of green electronics.

On the basis of single factor experiment, response surface methodology(RSM) was used to optimize the ultrasonic-assisted extraction optimum process of saponins from Gleditsia sinensis Thorn(GST), and the inhibitory activities of the extracts on α-glucosidase and α-amylase were investigated under the optimal extraction conditions. The results showed that the optimal ultrasonic-assisted extraction conditions were solid-liquid ratio of 16:1(mL: g), ethanol volume fraction of 60%, ultrasonic time of 80 min and extraction temperature of 50℃. Under these conditions, the yield of total saponins was 13.28%±0.25%, and the IC₅₀ value of α-glucosidase was (0.146±0.019) g/L, which was stronger than that of positive control acarbose with the median inhibitory concentration(IC₅₀) value of (0.48±0.18) g/L. When the mass concentration of the extract was 2 g/L, the inhibition rate of α-amylase could reach 35.13%±0.58%, indicating that GST had the potential development into a drug for type II diabetes.

By changing the solvent system and pretreatment conditions, a series of studies were carried out on the electricity generation performance of the four types of lignin (enzymatic hydrolysis lignin(EHL), alkaki lignin(AL), sodium ligninsulfonate(SL) and furfural residue(FR))in direct biomass fuel cells. The UV spectrum, FT-IR spectrum and ¹H NMR spectrum before and after the reaction of alkali lignin were analyzed. The results showed that the alkali lignin exhibited the best power generation performance, the open circuit voltage(OCV) could reach 392.7 mV, and the peak power density(PPD) was 0.198 W/m². And lignin had the best power generation performance in NaOH solution. Water bath heating pretreatment could improve the power generation performance of lignin. The higher the temperature and the longer the treatment time, the better the power generation performance of the lignin would be. When lignin was irradiated with ultraviolet light, the electricity production performance increased first and then decreased with the passage of time. The electricity production performance was the best when it was treated for 24 hours. The OCV could be increased to 431.2 mV, and PPD was increased to 0.371 W/m². After the oxidation reaction in the fuel cell, the benzene ring structure of lignin had been destroyed to a certain extent, and the hydroxyl group on the benzene ring had been oxidized to a carbonyl structure. The UV absorption peak of alkali lignin produced red-shift and color enhancement effects. And in the FT-IR spectrum, the carbonyl absorption peak was enhanced. Especially, the signals of aromatic protons, phenolic hydroxyl groups and aliphatic hydroxyl groups were weakened in ¹H NMR spectrum.

The modified coconut shell activated carbons were prepared by loading CuCl₂, carbonization and CO₂ activation. The Cu-loaded activated carbons were labeled as AC₃, AC₄, AC₅, and AC₇ to represent the mass fractions of cupric salt solutions 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5% and 0.7%, respectively. The Cu-loaded activated carbons were characterized by means of N₂ adsorption isotherm, SEM, XRD and XPS. Their dynamic adsorption-desorption performance was measured by the gravimetric method. After modification, the acidic oxygenated groups on the surface of activated carbon decreased. The results showed that cupric salt existed in two forms, i.e., CuO and Cu₂O. It was found that the presence of Cu loading led to the decreasing of surface area and pore volume of modified sample, and the increasing of the surface area and proportion of micropore. AC₅ showed the largest values of the surface area(733.20 m²/g) and proportion(72.99%) of micropore. Furthermore, AC₅ had the optimal equilibrium adsorption capacity(356.40 mg/g) which increased by 33.38% compared to the raw sample, and the optimal equilibrium adsorption time(118.80 min) which increased by 33.38%. Moreover, the adsorption performance of AC₅ was better than the activated carbons in the organic gas filter cartridge(3M-3301 CN and 3M-6001 CN). After five cycles of adsorbents regeneration test, 80% of adsorption capability was still able to be reserved. The Cu-loaded activated carbons improved the adsorption performance by transforming the style from physical adsorption to physical-chemical adsorption through complexation of π-bonds in benzene with hollow d-orbitals in Cu²⁺.

Blue luminescent carbon quantum dots(B-CQDs) were synthesized by a simple one-step hydrothermal method using lignin and m-phenylenediamine as precursors. Green luminescent carbon quantum dots(G-CQDs) were synthesized by nitric acid oxidation. The optical properties and structures characteristics of these two CQDs were characterized by UV absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, TEM, FT-IR and XPS. The cytotoxicity and cell imaging properties of G-CQDs were also tested. The results showed that nitric acid played an important role in the synthesis of G-CQDs. The oxidation of nitric acid increased the graphite N content, deepened the graphitization, passivated the surface state, and red-shifted the fluorescence emission wavelength. The results of structural characterization showed that the prepared B-CQDs and G-CQDs were mainly composed of C, N and O elements. All of them had abundant hydrophilic groups such as —OH, —NH, C—O and —COOH on the surface, which were monodisperse in water with the average particle size were 1.3 nm and 2.5 nm, respectively. The results of optical property analysis showed that the excitation wavelengths of B-CQDs and G-CQDs were Ex=392 nm and Ex=446 nm, and the corresponding emission wavelengths were 488 nm and 514 nm, respectively. They exhibited excitation-dependent fluorescence emission behavior and excitation-independent emission behavior, respectively. The results revealed that the possible emission mechanism of G-CQDs belonged to the bandgap fluorescence emissions based on conjugated π-domains. The synthesized G-CQDs with excellent photoluminescence, stable fluorescence and low cytotoxicity could be applied to bioimaging of HeLa cells.

Co/Al bimetallic oxide catalyst was prepared and used for catalytic reduction of furfural to furfuryl alcohol. The effects of the active metal ratio on the physical and chemical properties of the catalyst were discussed by adjusting the molar ratio of Co/Al. N₂ adsorption/desorption analysis showed that the series of prepared Co_xAlO_y catalysts were mesoporous materials with an average pore size of about 20 nm. NH₃-TPD analysis showed that the dominance of moderate acid sites was favorable for hydrogenation of furfural to furfuryl alcohol. The prepared Co₃AlO_x with the Co/Al molar ratio of 3∶1 exhibited excellent catalytic activity. Under the operational conditions of 0.3 g furfuryl alcohol, 20 mL solvent 1, 4-dioxane, 0.12 g catalyst Co₃AlO_x, reaction time 3 h, H₂ pressure 2 MPa and reaction temperature 120 ℃, the conversion of furfuryl alcohol was more than 98.95%, and the yield of furfuryl alcohol could reach 96.25%. XRD, TEM and XPS analysis showed that Co₃AlO_x existed in the mixed phase of CoAl₂O₄ and Co₂O₃, and the specific surface area and moderate acid strength were the key factors determining the catalytic activity. The catalytic activity of Co₃AlO_x catalyst could still maintain 83% after 5 cycles, which indicates its good cycle stability.

The hydrolysis of 5-chloromethyl furfural(CMF) in pure water or water/acetone system to 5-hydroxymethyl furfural(HMF) was studied. The effects of hydrolysis reaction conditions(such as solvent system, alkali neutralizer, temperature and CMF addition amount) on the hydrolysis of CMF were investigated, and the kinetics of the hydrolysis reaction was analyzed. The results showed that the water/acetone system is helpful to reduce the side reaction of HMF, and the addition of sodium disulfite(Na₂S₂O₄) could further prevent the generation of humus. The optimal hydrolysis conditions are as follows: 1 g CMF was added with 0.35 g CaCO₃ in a mixture of 10 mL water/acetone with volume ratio of 1∶4, and incubated at 353.15 K for 28 min. Under these conditions, the CMF conversion rate was 97%, the yield of HMF was 85%, and the yield of by-product levulinic acid(LA) was 6%. The separation rate of HMF increased from 50% to 86% with the addition of Na₂S₂O₄. The kinetic study results showed that the activation energy of CMF hydrolysis was 12.3 kJ/mol and the hydrolysis rate constant k₁=5.56exp(-1.23×10⁴/RT) in water/acetone system.