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Preparation of SO 4 2-/Fe 2O 3-Al 2O 3-SiO 2 Solid Superacid Catalyst for Producing Levulinic Acid from Hydrolysis of Sucrose
JIANG Hua-chang;ZENG Ling;YIN Bing-long;GAN Jun-jiang;LIU Bao-jian
   2010, 30 (6): 61-65.  
Abstract751)      PDF(pc) (946KB)(5175)       Save
SO 4 2-/Fe 2O 3-Al 2O 3-SiO 2 solid superacids of different proportions were prepared by co-deposition method and used for the reacion of catalytic hydrolysis of sucrose to produce levulinic acid. The results showed that calcination time and the dipping concentration of sulfuric acid affected the property of these catalysts. Calcination time and temperature affected surface area seriously. The shorter the calcination time and lower the calcination temperature, the larger was the specific surface area. The impregnation concentration by H 2SO 4 and impregnation time also impact the catalyst properties. The solid superacids were used for the catalytic hydrolysis of sucrose to produce levulinic acid. The improved activity was obtained under following conditions: calcination temperature 600℃, calcination time 4 h. The high yield of levulinic acid was obtained 33.05%.
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Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Alkylated Chitosan Derivatives under Basic Ionic Liquid Condition
PEI Li-jun, CAI Zhao-sheng, SHANG Shi-bin, SONG Zhan-qian
Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products    2014, 34 (3): 44-50.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2014.03.008
Abstract817)      PDF(pc) (1627KB)(2043)       Save
Chitosan (CTS) was alkalized by [Bmim]OH basic ionic liquid in this study. Then the alkalized chitosan reacted with alkyl halides to prepare the alkylated chitosan with different substituents. The structures of alkylated products were characterized by IR and 1H NMR. The effects of reaction time, temperature and material ratio on the substitution degree ( D S) of alkyl chitosan were also investigated and then the optimal reaction condition was obtained. The separated ionic liquid could be reused,and no noticeable changes of the D S for alkylated chitosan were observed when the reacted ionic liquid was reused for 3 times. The antibacterial properties of the target products were tested by the minimum inhibitory concentration method. Preliminary results indicated that those compounds had the antibacterial activity. In particular, ethyl chitosan(E-CTS), butyl chitosan(B-CTS), and dodecyl chitosan(D-CTS) exhibited excellent antibacterial activities against to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The minimum inhibition concentration were 128,128 and 256 mg/L, respectively. Their antibacterial effects were better than commercially sold Ampicillin sodium while the C-CTS antibacterial effect was worse. The antibacterial activity of alkylated chitosan decreased with the increase of the D S and the length of carbon chain.
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Synthesis of Amphoteric Superabsorbent Polymer Modified by Wheat Straw Cellulose
WANG Dan;SONG Zhan-qian;SHANG Shi-bin
   2006, 26 (2): 33-37.  
Abstract629)      PDF(pc) (391KB)(798)       Save
Superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) were prepared from wheat straw cellulose (WSC), acrylic acid (AA), acrylamide (AM) and [2-(methylacryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethylammonium chloride (MAETAC) through graft copolymerization. Factors affecting water-absorbent capacity of SAPs, such as monomers ratio, WSC dosage, contents of initiator and crosslinking agent, and neutralization degree of AA were investigated and discussed in detail. Amphoteric SAPs, with absorbent capacity of 853 times their own weight in distilled water and 118 times in 0.9% saline solution under optimized synthesis condition, were obtained.
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Carbonization of Foamed Polystyrene
LI Hai-chao;ZHANG Xiao-xiang;HU Xu
   2009, 29 (4): 117-120.  
Abstract1073)      PDF(pc) (815KB)(690)       Save
Common direct pyrolysis process for foamed polystyrene(PS)produces no carbonized materials. Two-stage experiments—sulfonation followed by cabonization, were carried out to realize carbonization of foamed polystyrene. Thermoanalysis and elemental analysis were used to characterize the processes and products. The results showed that relative contents of sulfur and carbon in the aimed products increased with increase of carbonization temperature, while relative contents ofhydrogen and oxygen were on the contrary. At carbonization temperature of 600℃, the relative contents of carbon, sulfur andhydrogen were 75.34%, 9.95% and 1.52%, respectively. The yield of carbonized material was about 80%, ash content was lower than 0.1%, volatiles ranged 10.9%-12.1% and fixed carbon 87.9%-89.1%. Such carbonized material could be used as precursor for preparation of activated carbons with various potential uses.
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Preparation and Properties of Rosin-based Non-isocyanate Polyurethane
Bowen ZHANG, Yuemin ZHOU, He LIU, Shiwei LIU, Shibin SHANG, Zhanqian SONG
Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products    2024, 44 (1): 1-8.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2024.01.001
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Acrylpimaric acid diglycidyl ether(AE) was synthesized from acrylpimaric acid(APA), a rosin derivative, and acrylpimaric acid cyclocarbonate(AC) was further prepared. Then the rosin-based non-isocyanate polyurethane(ACPP) film materials was prepared by the reaction of the cyclic carbonate groups of AC with the amino group in polyethylenimine(PEI) and the polyester polyamine(Priamine 1074). The structure and properties of ACPP materials were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR), thermogravimetric(TG), dynamic thermomechanical analysis(DMA) and other techniques. The results showed that with the increase of AC content, the introduction of rigid structure of hydrogenated phenanthrene ring in the rosin structure increased, resulting in the enhancement of the mechanical properties of ACPP. The tensile strength of the material (ACPP1) could reach 15 MPa when the amino/cyclocarbonate group molar ratio value was 1. At the same time, the glass transition temperature(Tg) of ACPP material increased significantly, which were greater than 40 ℃. When the molar ratio of amino group to cyclocarbonate group was 0.8, the Tg of ACPP0.8 reached the maximum value of 49.4 ℃. The results of self-healing performance test showed that the scratch healing of ACPP1 material with scratch could be achieved after 1 h heating at the condition of 160 ℃ and 5 MPa, and the healing rate was up to 100%. In addition, after physical reprocessing and chemical recovery and reprocessing, the mechanical properties of ACPP1 materials could still be restored to 85% of the original strength, showing excellent recovery and reprocessing performance.

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Research Progress and Applications of Macromolecular Polysaccharide-based Hydrogels for Functional Materials
JIANG Jianxin, LIU Yantao, ZHOU Ziyuan, DUAN Jiufang, SUN Dafeng
Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products    2017, 37 (2): 1-10.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2017.02.001
Abstract1395)      PDF(pc) (2331KB)(3095)       Save
Compared with the traditional polymer hydrogel materials, polysaccharide hydrogels are getting more attention of the people, because of its environmentally friendliness, biocompatibility, special functional and biodegradable advantages. The production methods of hydrogels from plant polysaccharides, marine polysaccharide, microbial polysaccharide and its blending polysaccharide were summarized, as well as the functional characteristics and characterization methods. And the applications of hydrogel materials in medicine and health care, food, cosmetics, agriculture, environmental protection and other fields were introduced. The application prospects of polysaccharide hydrogel in biosensor, bioreactor, artificial intelligence materials and antibacterial materials were discussed, and the main focus of future polysaccharide research were proposed, such as improving material performance and features, studying gel formation mechanism, and simulating function materials.
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国家自然科学基金(50776035);教育部重大项目培育资金(705048);长江学者和创新团队计划 (IRT0552);国家 "863"计划(2007AA05Z408);国家自然科学基金-广东自然科学基金联合基金重点项目(U0733001)
ZHANG Jing-qiang;LIN Lu;SUN Yong;MITCHELL G;LIU Shi-jie
   2008, 28 (6): 109-114.  
Abstract966)      PDF(pc) (1184KB)(2836)       Save
The enormous hydrogen bondings and crystal structures of natural cellulose strongly retard the hydrolysis of native cellulose into soluble sugars, which can be converted into biofuels or high value chemical products. In this paper, recent researches on cellulose structure & hydrogen bonding, as well as some promising methods and theories of decrystallization, and applicational examples were described.
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Research Progress in Biosynthesis of Anthocyanins
Qian XU,Chen ZHANG,Jiawei WU,Jia OUYANG
Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products    2020, 40 (3): 1-11.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2020.03.001
Abstract2649)   HTML1967701126)    PDF(pc) (3662KB)(1438)       Save

Anthocyanin is a kind of flavonoid which mainly exists in plants. It has strong biological activities such as anti-cancer and anti-oxidation, and is widely used in the field of nutrition and health care. Most anthocyanins are extracted directly from plants by physical or chemical means, but the yield is low, and the extracted anthocyanins are mostly mixtures due to the restrictions of time, region and season. Biosynthesis of anthocyanins have attracted much attention by researchers worldwide in recent years. As the biosynthesis of anthocyanins can be controlled artificially and the purity of the obtained products is high, it has been widely studied. Anthocyanins cannot exist stably in the environment, and need to be modified by glycosylation, acylation and methylation to increase their stability. The modified anthocyanins can be synthesized by microorganisms and significant color changes can be seen in the medium. The biosynthesis and modification of anthocyanins were reviewed in this paper, and the preparation technology of anthocyanin synthesis from plants and microorganisms was briefly introduced, the factors affecting anthocyanin synthesis were analyzed, and finally the future research direction of anthocyanin was predicted.

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A Review of Deep Eutectic Solvents for Lignin Isolation
Lei ZHONG,Chao WANG,Gaojin LYU,Xingxiang JI,Guihua YANG,Jiachuan CHEN
Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products    2020, 40 (3): 12-22.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2020.03.002
Abstract1842)   HTML1193765908)    PDF(pc) (1494KB)(1431)       Save

Lignin is the most abundant renewable aromatic polymer in nature, which complex structure and compact connection with cellulose and hemicellulose through covalent bond and hydrogen bond make it difficult to be separated efficiently. Deep eutectic solvents (DES) is a novel kind of green ionic liquid, which has been successfully applied to lignin isolation due to its unique physical and chemical properties. The research progress of dissolution and extraction of lignin by deep eutectic solvents (DES) is reviewed in detail. From the point of view of the mechanism of dissolving lignin by DES, the effects of different factors(composition, proportion, pH value, functional groups of DES, water content of system, raw material, reaction time, temperature, catalyst, co-solvent, and so on) on lignin removal were emphatically expounded. Based on the research progress of DES in lignin extraction, the research progress and futuer application of lignin extraction were summarized and prospected.

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Research Progress in Preparation of Biomass Based 2, 5-Furan Dicarboxylic Acid from Furoic Acid
Chun CHANG, Jinsheng WU, Zhiyong CHEN
Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products    2023, 43 (2): 1-11.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2023.02.001
Abstract468)   HTML15)    PDF(pc) (741KB)(415)       Save

As a green bio-based platform chemical, 2, 5-furan dicarboxylic acid(FDCA) was widely used in polyester, plasticizer, fire protection, medicine, etc. At present, according to the distinction of raw materials for the synthesis of FDCA, the synthetic routes of FDCA could be divided into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural(HMF) route, furoic acid route and other raw material routes. Among them, furfural acid could be prepared from the oxidation of bulk bio-based chemical furfural, and the industrial production of furfural made the preparation of FDCA from furfural acid had the potential advantages of green and economical. Based on this, this paper reviews the research status of four methods for preparing FDCA from furoic acid, including: disproportionation, carbonylation, carboxylation and biocatalysis methods. The paper also summarizes a comparative analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of each method and highlights the progress made in their respective research fields. A comparative analysis indicates that the C-H carboxylation method is a gentle and environmentally friendly process, demonstrating significant potential for large-scale production.

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Research Progress in Preparation and Application of Lignin-based Porous Carbon Materials
Xinglong HOU, Wei XU, Junli LIU
Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products    2022, 42 (1): 131-138.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2022.01.017
Abstract595)   HTML1603273954)    PDF(pc) (1793KB)(798)       Save

Lignin is an amorphous, highly cross-linked polyphenol aromatic polymer with a wide range of sources and rich carbon content, and is suitable for the preparation of porous carbon materials. Using lignin to prepare porous carbon is an important way to solve the problem that lignin is difficult to be used efficiently. It can solve environmental pollution and realize resource utilization. This article mainly introduced the research status of the preparation of microporous activated carbon with lignin as carbon precursor by physical and chemical activation method and the preparation of mesoporous carbon materials by template method in recent years. The pore structure and morphology of porous carbon materials prepared by different methods were compared and analyzed, as well as their application progress in adsorption, catalysis and electrochemistry.

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Preparation and Properties of MMT/IFR Intumescent Flame Retardant Liquefied Sodium Lignosulfonate Based Polyurethane Foam
Xinyu AN, Xu LI, Ling GONG, Zhiming LIU
Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products    2024, 44 (1): 24-32.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2024.01.004
Abstract54)   HTML1)    PDF(pc) (4883KB)(62)       Save

The liquefied sodium lignosulfonate(SLS) products were used to completely replace polyether polyols, the intumescent flame retardant(IFR) was composed of chitosan(CS) and ammonium polyphosphate(APP), and montmorillonite(MMT) were used as additives, which were employed to prepare MMT/IFR intumescent flame retardant/liquefied lignosulfonate based polyurethane foam(SLS-PUF/IFR/MMT). The flame retardancy, thermal stability, combustion performance, thermal conductivity and compression properties of the materials were analyzed by scanning electron microscope(SEM), limiting oxygen index(LOI), thermal gravimetric(TG) analyzer cone calorimeter, thermal conductivity tester and electronic universal testing machine. The results showed that: when the addition amount of IFR was 20%, the LOI value of the prepared material 100%SLS-PUF/20%IFR reached the highest value of 24.3%. When the amount of IFR was ≥16%, the vertical combustion grade of the prepared material 100%SLS-PUF/IFR reached Ⅴ-0 level. Basis on this result, the LOI value of the prepared material 100%SLS-PUF/20%IFR/2%MMT reached 24.8% and its vertical combustion grade could reach Ⅴ-0 level, when the addition of MMT was 2%. Compared with 100%SLS-PUF material, the rate of thermal degradation of 100%SLS-PUF/20%IFR/2%MMT material decreased by 0.6%/min, and its maximum heat release rate and total heat release were 145.6 kW/m2 and 13.9 MJ/m2, respectively. Moreover, the carbon residue content increased by 13.1 percentage points. At the same time, its apparent density and compressive strength were significantly increased to 58.72 kg/m3 and 296.6 kPa and its thermal conductivity also reached 0.041 W/(m·K).

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Component Analysis and Antifungal Activity of Extract from Senna occidentalis
Jin YANG, Yining ZHANG, Yuhong ZHANG
Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products    2024, 44 (1): 120-128.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2024.01.016
Abstract49)   HTML3)    PDF(pc) (1129KB)(63)       Save

Using stems of Senna occidentalis as raw material, four kinds of extracts were obtained through ultrasonic ethanol extraction and subsequent extracted with different polar solvents. The antibacterial activities of these four extracts against Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and Acinetobacter baumannii were tested using the filter paper diffusion method. It was found that the chloroform extract exhibited the best overall antibacterial effect. Further separation and purification of the chloroform extract was achieved through chromatography to obtain component 1, component 2, and component 3. Mass spectrometry analysis was used to identify the main antibacterial compounds in component 1 with significant antibacterial activity. The results indicated that component 1, which had relatively low polarity, showed significant antibacterial effects. In component 1, 22 compounds were detected, including 7 flavonoids, 13 anthraquinones, 1 polyphenol, and 1 coumarin. Three individual anthraquinone compounds, namely emodin, chrysophanol, and physcion, were selected for determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration(MBC). The results showed that the MIC and MBC values of these three compounds against A. baumannii and S. aureus were lower than those of the chloroform extract. Among them, emodin, chrysophanol, and physcion exhibited the strongest inhibition activity against S. aureus, with MIC values of 0.2 g/L and MBC values of 0.39 g/L. Physcion showed the best overall inhibitory effect and might be one of the main compounds responsible for the antibacterial activity in S. occidentalis.

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Development Status and Prospect of Biomass Gasification Technology
Xueqin LI, Peng LIU, Youqing WU, Tingzhou LEI, Shiyong WU, Sheng HUANG
Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products    2022, 42 (5): 113-121.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2022.05.016
Abstract1121)   HTML571)    PDF(pc) (1994KB)(816)       Save

In order to promote the development of biomass gasification technology and the utilization of gasification products, the development and industrial status of biomass gasification technology, gasifier type and its development status at home and abroad were mainly introduced, and the advantages and disadvantages of biomass gasification technology were analyzed. At the same time, it is also found that China's biomass resources had great potential and biomass energy had the excellent characteristics of renewability, such as renewable, less pollution, large reserves, wide distribution, zero carbon emissions and so on. However, it was difficult to internationalize because of a series of problems such as imperfect of collection-storage-transportation system, shortage of capital chain and more by-products. It was further prospected that biomass gasification in China should not only take a basic research, but also consider the overall demand of biomass gasification technology and the competition with other technologies as the future development direction and important key point. This paper was expected to lay a solid foundation for the further development of biomass gasification technology and the high-value utilization of gasification products.

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Application of Aspen Plus in Lignocellulosic Biomass Pretreatment for Ethanol Production: A Review
Fang WANG, Hongdan ZHANG
Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products    2022, 42 (4): 119-130.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2022.04.017
Abstract403)   HTML5931)    PDF(pc) (2999KB)(631)       Save

Pretreatment was a key step in sugar platform -based biomass refinery using lignocellulosic biomass as raw material. In this paper, the advantages and disadvantages of the commonly used methods such as dilute acid/alkali, steam explosion, liquid hot water, microwave, subcritical CO2, ionic liquids, deep-eutectic solvents, organosolv, milling/grinding, and biological, and the research progress of subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation were reviewed. Furthermore, the application of the co-production of ethanol and platform chemicals in the pretreatment of biomass feedstock at home and abroad based on Aspen Plus and techno-economic analysis were introduced. Finally, the drawbacks of Aspen Plus in biomass pretreatment for ethanol production were summarized and the further research directions were proposed.

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Preparation of Xylooligosaccharides by Ethanol Precipitation Separation from Autohydrolysis of Enzymatic Hydrolysis Residuce of Xylan
Zhina LIAN,Yan'e WANG,Jing LUO,Qiang YONG,Shiyuan YU
Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products    2020, 40 (2): 33-41.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2020.02.004
Abstract850)   HTML730137601)    PDF(pc) (690KB)(699)       Save

Enzymatic hydrolysis residue of xylan was autohydrolyzed, and the autohydrolysate was then fractionated by two-step ethanol precipitation. The obtained three kinds of xylan fractions with varied degree of polymerization (Dp) were evaluated through in vitro proliferation by Bifidobacterium adolescentis. The autohydrolysis was carried out at 180℃ for 40 min to obtain autohydrolysate mainly contained xylooligosaccharides (XOS) with Dp of 2-6. The content of XOS was 57.36% of the xylan in the autohydrolysate, and the yield of XOS was 26.54% of the xylan in the feedstock. Two-step ethanol precipitation could fractionate the xylan in the autohydrolysate into sample S1, S2 and S3, with the range of Dp of 24-122, 7-19 and 1-6, respectively. Low Dp of sample S3 contained mainly XOS which was 95.91% and exhibited significant prebiotic activity. After 36 h incubation, the cell concentration was 0.25 g/L, 4.72 times of the initial, with the sugar residue of 43.48%, and with the concentration of short-chain fatty acids of 1.96 g/L.

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Synthesis and Antifungal Activity of Endo-isocamphanyl-formaldehyole Thiosemicarbazides
Qingying DING, Jiayu CHANG, Zhuanquan XIAO, Jia HU, Zongde WANG, Shangxing CHEN
Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products    2024, 44 (1): 105-110.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2024.01.014
Abstract53)   HTML0)    PDF(pc) (452KB)(56)       Save

5 endo-isocamphanyl-formaldehyole thiosemicarbazide compounds(3a-3e) were synthesized by condensation reactions of camphene derivatives endo-isocamphanyl-formaldehyole with thiosemicarbazide derivatives. Their structures were characterized by IR, MS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR. The mycelial growth rate method was used to study the inhibition effects of the related compounds on the growth of 8 plant pathogenic fungi including Rhizoctonia solani. The results showed that, among 5 compounds, the inhibition rate of endo-isocamphanyl-formaldehyole thiosemicarbazide(3a) was the highest against 8 plant pathogenic fungi. At the mass concentration of 50 mg/L, the inhibition rates of 3a against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Colletotrichum acutatum were 91.9% and 97.2%, respectively. The inhibition rates of 3a against Colletotrichum fructicola and Coriolus versicolor were both 100%. The inhibition rates of 3a against Rhizoctonia solani, Sphaeropsis sapinea and Fusariumoxyporum f. sp. niveum were 80.7%, 79.8% and 79.5%, respectively, which were better than that of the positive control sample of Chlorothalonil.

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Rapid Determination of Main Component Content of Chinese Gallnut Based on Near Infrared Spectroscopy
Baoshan TANG, Yiwen LIU, Rui HE, Yong ZOU, Shanyu XIE, Hong ZHANG
Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products    2024, 44 (1): 89-96.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2024.01.012
Abstract41)   HTML0)    PDF(pc) (2133KB)(55)       Save

The content of moisture, tannic acid and gallic acid was an important index to evaluate the quality of Chinese gallnut. Generally, it was determined according to the forestry industry standard of the People's Republic of China, which was cumbersome and its timeliness was not guaranteed. In order to study the feasibility of rapid detection of these indicators, 130 Chinese gallnut samples were collected, and chemical values were determined by chemical method. NIR spectroscopy was used to scan Chinese gallnut samples, which was fitted with chemical values measured by traditional methods. The partial least squares(PLS) was used to build a mathematical model, and the correlation coefficient and error of the model were compared to evaluate the prediction performance of the model. The optimal pretreatment methods for moisture, tannic acid and gallic acid in gallnut were FD+MSC, FD and FD+ML, respectively. The characteristic bands of moisture were 9 403.7-7 498.2, 6 012.0-5 774.1, 4 601.5-4 246.7 cm-1, the characteristic bands of tannic acid were 9 403.7-7 498.2, 6 102.0-4 597.7 cm-1, and the characteristic bands of gallic acid were 6 102.0-5 446.3, 4 601.5-4 246.7 cm-1, respectively. The number of principal factors were 9, 10 and 5, respectively. The correlation coefficients of corrected sets(Rc2) for moisture, tannic acid and gallic acid were 0.968, 0.915 and 0.926, the root mean square error of cross validation(RMSECV) were 0.72%, 2.55% and 1.47%, and the relative percent deviation(RPD) were 5.57%, 3.42% and 3.69%, respectively. The correlation coefficients of validation sets(Rp2) were 0.951, 0.891 and 0.891, and root mean square error of prediction(RMSEP) were 0.563%, 1.28% and 0.414%, respectively. The results showed that it was feasible and effective to detect the content of moisture, tannic acid and gallic acid in Chinese gallnut by NIR combined with chemometrics.

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Recent Progress in Preparation and Application of Bio-based Hydrogels
Shuo WANG, Yonggui WANG, Zefang XIAO, Yanjun XIE
Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products    2022, 42 (5): 122-136.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2022.05.017
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Firstly, this review introduced the research background and application status of bio-based hydrogels. According to the different crosslinking mechanisms, physical and chemical hydrogels were classified and described. Then, the hydrogels prepared from cellulose, chitosan, protein and other bio-based materials were summarized based on the classification of the used biomass, including the solvents system of cellulose, the preparation of cellulose-based hydrogels and modification of cellulose derivatization. Also, the feedstock sources and modification methods of chitosan-based hydrogels, as well as cross-linking mechanisms such as electrostatic interaction and imine bond formed by amine groups on their molecular chains were assembled. Protein-based hydrogels with good biocompatibility and bioactivity, formed by β-folded self-assembly of polypeptide chains were depicted as well in this review. Similarly, bio-based hydrogels prepared by using physical or chemical crosslinking of hydrophilic natural polymers such as starch, sodium alginate and carrageenan, were introduced respectively. At the same time, the main applications of functionalized bio-based hydrogels in the biomedical fields were described in detail, including drug sustained release, targeted delivery, cell media, tissue repair scaffolds, wound dressings, etc. In addition, the application and research progress of bio-based hydrogels as adsorbent materials in environmental field were reviewed, and their applications in packaging, sensing, photoelectric catalysis and other fields were also highlighted. Finally, the development opportunities and challenges of bio-based hydrogels were summarized, and the future research directions were prospected.

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Research Progress on Polymerization and Curing Technology of Urushiol and Its Application in Functional Polymers
Dongxu LI, Juanni ZHANG, Tingting ZHANG, Yan LI, Xingying XUE, Zhiwen QI
Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products    2024, 44 (1): 129-137.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2024.01.017
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Urushiol was the common plant polyphenol in China. It was isolated and purified from the lacquer by lacquer tree secretion. The structure contained active groups such as benzene ring, ortho/meta bisphenol hydroxyl group and long(unsaturated) alkane side chain(C15-C20). In recent years, the application of urushiol in membrane functional material technology had made rapid progress. In particular, the preparation of urushiol functional polymers by chemical polymerization and curing technology had been widely used in membrane surface/interface engineering, adhesives, hemostatic agents, and other fields. It was one of the important ways to realize the resource utilization and quality improvement of raw lacquer. This article reviewed the recent domestic and foreign research on the polymerization and curing mechanism of urushiol, as well as heating curing, ultraviolet curing, laccase biomimetic catalysis, metal coordination chelation, organic blend cross-linking, sol-gel reaction, electrospinning and other urushiol curing polymerization technologies. The research progress and main problems of urushiol functional polymers in the application of functional materials such as anti-corrosion coatings, hydrophobic coatings, hemostatic and antibacterial coatings were summarized, which provided theoretical basis and development direction for the commercial application of urushiol functional materials.

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STUDY ON OPTIMUM PROCESS FOR EXTRACTING CAPSAICIN IN PAPRIKA( CAPSICUM ANNUUM L.) BY ORTHOGONAL TEST
GAO Yi;ZHOU Chun-shan;JIANG Xin-yu;CHEN Long-sheng;CHEN Yan
   2005, 25 (2): 111-114.  
Abstract615)      PDF(pc) (723KB)(921)       Save
The optimum process of extracting capsaicin,the bioactive component in paprika( Capsicum annuum L.) was studied.The optimum extraction process was optimized with orthogonal test.Experiments were made by using L 9(3 4) orthogonal design with extractive yield of capsaicin as the index,investigating the influence of ethanol concentration,temperature,extracting time and the ratio of solid to liquid.Optimum extraction conditions were determined as follows:temperature 70℃,time 0.5 h,70% EtOH as extracting solvent,stock ratio 1:10(mass:volume),extracting for three times.
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Optimization and Kinetics of Hydrolysis of 5-Chloromethylfurfural to 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural
Shuai WANG, Xing TANG, Yong SUN, Xianhai ZENG, Lu LIN
Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products    2022, 42 (3): 65-74.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2022.03.009
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The hydrolysis of 5-chloromethyl furfural(CMF) in pure water or water/acetone system to 5-hydroxymethyl furfural(HMF) was studied. The effects of hydrolysis reaction conditions(such as solvent system, alkali neutralizer, temperature and CMF addition amount) on the hydrolysis of CMF were investigated, and the kinetics of the hydrolysis reaction was analyzed. The results showed that the water/acetone system is helpful to reduce the side reaction of HMF, and the addition of sodium disulfite(Na2S2O4) could further prevent the generation of humus. The optimal hydrolysis conditions are as follows: 1 g CMF was added with 0.35 g CaCO3 in a mixture of 10 mL water/acetone with volume ratio of 1∶4, and incubated at 353.15 K for 28 min. Under these conditions, the CMF conversion rate was 97%, the yield of HMF was 85%, and the yield of by-product levulinic acid(LA) was 6%. The separation rate of HMF increased from 50% to 86% with the addition of Na2S2O4. The kinetic study results showed that the activation energy of CMF hydrolysis was 12.3 kJ/mol and the hydrolysis rate constant k1=5.56exp(-1.23×104/RT) in water/acetone system.

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Research Progress on Dissolution Mechanism of Cellulose in Novel Solvent Systems
Xin LI,Tingting YOU,Duxin XU,Haichao LI,Yuying WU,Feng XU
Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products    2020, 40 (5): 1-9.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2020.05.001
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The cellulose dissolution capability and dissolution mechanism of current novel solvent systems, including aqueous solvent systems (NaOH aqueous solution, alkali/urea and NaOH/thiourea aqueous solution, quaternary ammonium/phosphine aqueous solution, and molten inorganic salt hydrates) and organic solvent systems (LiCl/N, N-dimethylacetamide, ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents) were reviewed. Sequentially, the advantages and disadvantages of various solvents were discussed, which could provided a reference for the future development and utilization of green cellulose solvents.

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Preparation and Characterization of Enzyme/Magnetic-driven Pectin/Sodium Alginate Composite Microsphere
Lingling KANG, Guifang LI, Xianliang SONG, Jing HE, Jiandu LEI
Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products    2024, 44 (1): 9-16.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2024.01.002
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This study designed and constructed an enzyme/magnetic dual-driven pectin(PET)/sodium alginate(SA) composite microsphere robot drug delivery system. Specifically, through the dropwise method, calcium lactate was used as a crosslinking agent to simultaneously load Fe3[KG-*6]O4 magnetic nanoparticles(Mag), catalase(CAT)/glucose oxidase(GOD)/zinc phosphate hybrid particles, and a natural camptothecin derivative(irinotecan hydrochloride CPT-11) drug into PET/SA composite microspheres, by which fabricated the magnetically responsive PET/SA composite microspheres(CPT-11/CAT/GOD-Zn3(PO4)2@Mag/PET-SA). The effects of different compounding ratios of PET to SA and the addition of magnetic particles on the structure, morphology, particle size, and drug encapsulation efficiency of the composite microspheres were investigated. The drug release curves of the drug-loaded microsphere robots in simulated gastric fluid(SGF, pH value 1.2) and simulated intestinal fluid(SIF, pH value 6.8) were determined by ultraviolet spectrometry method. The results showed that the prepared enzyme/magnetic dual-driven microsphere drug-loading robot had good sphericity, but the addition of magnetic particles caused the appearance of a lot of wrinkles and become rough on the surface of the composite microspheres, leading to a significant decrease in drug encapsulation rate. When the ratio of m(PET) to m(SA) was 1∶3, the average particle size of the composite microspheres before the addition of magnetic particles was 1.658 mm, with an encapsulation rate of 63.1%. After the addition of magnetic particles, the average particle size of the composite microspheres increased up to 1.885 mm, and the encapsulation rate decreased up to 47.7%. The release of irinotecan hydrochloride drug was relatively slow in SGF while it released rapidly in SIF. Vibrating sample magnetometer(VSM) tests indicated that the composite microspheres exhibited superparamagnetism and high magnetization intensity, and could undergo self-driven in a glucose solution.

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Analysis of Aerobic Biological Inhibition Characteristics and Degradation Law of Eucalyptus Chemical Mechanical Pulp Wastewater
Laibao DING, Qingwen TIAN, Ran YANG, Jinwei ZHU, Qi GUO, Guigan FANG
Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products    2024, 44 (1): 33-40.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2024.01.005
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In this paper, the composition and content of organic matter in the effluent of anaerobic treatment and aerobic treatment of eucalyptus chemical mechanical pulp wastewater were analyzed by GC-MS method. The analysis of number of carbon atoms in the wastewater before and after aerobic treatment was counted, and the main bio-refractory components and degradation rules in the wastewater were analyzed. The results showed that the main residual organic pollutants after anaerobic and aerobic treatment were linalool (C10, 21.21%), methyl p-tert-butyl phenylacetate (C13, 21.39%), dihydromyrcenol (C10, 8.90%), lilial (C14, 6.16%) and citronellol (C10, 4.76%), etc, mainly containing benzene ring organic matter and bacteriostatic components, with biological refractory degradation and bacteriostatic properties. The macroscopic performance was that the removal rate of biological treatment was low. Before and after aerobic treatment, the mass fraction of alcohols in wastewater increased from 19.32% to 51.71%, the mass fraction of aldehydes increased from 3.68% to 13.35%, the mass fraction of esters decreased from 29.75% to 28.32%, and the mass fraction of benzene-containing organics increased from 32.70% to 61.06%, indicating that other organics were degraded more greatly than benzene-containing organics. It was recommended to improve the biological treatment effect by detoxification pretreatment and bioaugmentation to improve microbial activity, reduce the difficulty of subsequent deep treatment, reduce the cost of comprehensive treatment, and achieve low-cost discharge.

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Thermal Properties and Thermal Decomposition Kinetics of Tannic Acid
Yuxin LU, Lingang LU
Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products    2022, 42 (3): 83-89.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2022.03.011
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Tannic acid(TA) is a kind of multi hydroxyl aromatic biomass. The thermal properties of TA were analyzed by thermogravimetric experiment, the carbonization process of TA was observed by muffle furnace heating experiment, the apparent activation energy was observed by KAS and Ozawa method, and the most probable function was determined by Satava method. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that TA entered the state of rapid weight loss at about 182 ℃; when the temperature reached 800 ℃, the carbon residue of TA in nitrogen atmosphere was 15.29%. In air atmosphere, the carbon residue was 1.97% due to the second rapid weight loss in the temperature range of 436-538 ℃. It was found in the macro carbonization experiment that TA would form an expanded carbon layer when heated. Among them, a hollow carbon layer appeared at 100-200 ℃, and a solid carbon layer was formed at 300-400 ℃, which had obvious expansion, integrity, compactness and good gloss. It had the potential to become a new carbon source in intumescent flame retardants. The results of thermal decomposition kinetics showed that the apparent activation energy of thermal decomposition of TA in nitrogen atmosphere was 494 kJ/mol, lgA was 111.32, and the most probable mechanism function of rapid weight loss stage was G(α)=[-ln(1-α)]1/n, n=0.105 3, and its thermal decomposition mechanism belonged to random nucleation and subsequent nucleation growth reaction.

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Preparation and Apllication of Carbon Foam
ZHAO Xin;LI Wei;LIU Shou-xin;LI Bin
   2012, 32 (3): 117-125.  
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Carbon foam, a new type of sponge-like carbon materials, has attracted considerable interest due to its special properties such as low density, high temperature tolerance and high mechanical strength. In this paper, the raw and preparation method of carbon foam was summarized. Influence of experiment factors on the structure and application performance of carbon foam was systematically interpreted. The future development of carbon foams is proposed.
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Study on Variations of Content and Main Constituent of Essential Oil from Stem and Leaf of Linalool-type Cinnamomum camphora (Linn.) Presl in Guangxi Province
MO Jian-guang;YANG Yi-lin;HUANG Zhi-biao;XIE Yi-xing;LU An-gen;LAO Yan-wen;ZHOU Xiang;WU You-mei;PAN Yan-kun;QIN Zi-hai
   2010, 30 (2): 72-76.  
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Essential oil from stem and leaf(samples of mixed leaves and old leaves)of linalool-type Cinnamomum camphora (Linn.) Presl was extracted respectively by steam distillation method. The essential oils were analyzed with gas chromatography and GC-MS-DS quantitatively and qualitatively. The results show that content and chemical compositions of essential oil from stem and leaf of linalool-type C.camphora have great difference. The mass fraction of essential oil in leaves (1.39%) is higher than in stem (0.54%); The mass fraction of linalool in leaf essential oil (89.59%) is higher than in stem (74.49%); The mass fraction of camphor in leaf essential oil (0.61%) is lower than in stem (4.34%); The quality of leaf essential oil collected in October (linalool 92.69%, camphor 0.40%) is superior to leaves collected in July (linalool 86.49%, camphor 0.82%).
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Progress on Preparation and Application of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural
Si LU,Qiong WANG,Xun LI,Wei QI,Zhongming WANG,Zhenhong YUAN
Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products    2019, 39 (1): 13-22.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2019.01.002
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5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is one of the most important biomass-based platform molecules and widely used in the preparation of multifunctional compounds such as fine chemicals, key pharmaceutical intermediates, functional polyesters, solvents and liquid fuels. At present, the preparation of HMF is a hot spot in the field of biomass research, and the raw materials and methods for preparing HMF have been continuously expanded. This paper reviews the main preparation methods and research progress of HMF. Catalysis systems for HMF preparation is systematically described, including the types of the catalysts (mineral acids, ionic liquids, metal chlorides, solid acids and others) used in the catalytic process and the solvent systems. Then, the preparation paths and applications of important derivatives from HMF are summarized. Finally, suggestions for future research on HMF are provided based on the understanding of problems existing in the current research.

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Preparation and Properties of Pressure Sensitive Adhesives Derived from Rosin Bio-based Acrylate
Simai QI, Tong LUO, Meihong LIU, Chunpeng WANG, Fuxiang CHU, Jifu WANG
Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products    2023, 43 (2): 49-55.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2023.02.007
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In this work, furfural-based monomer tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate(THFMA), disproportionated rosin-based monomer(DRM), and oil-based monomer lauryl methacrylate(LMA) were used as raw materials to prepare a series of bio-based pressure-sensitive adhesives(PSA) based on THFMA/DRM/LMA by solution polymerization method. The effects of hard monomer and soft monomer composition ratio and the monomer molecular structure on the performance of PSA were investigated in detail. The results showed that the adhesion increased from 0.48 to 72 h with the increase of hard monomer THFMA in PSA from 10% to 50%. When the content of THFMA was 30%, the comprehensive performance of PSA was the best. The tack of THFMA30-LMA was 2.28 N, the 180° peel strength was 143.6 N/m, and the shear resistance reached 21.25 h. In addition, compared with THFMA, using DRM as hard monomer could enhance the mechanical properties of PSA and improve the thermal stability of PSA.

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