As a natural material with good biocompatibility and biodegradability, nano-cellulose has unique structure and excellent mechanical properties. It has been widely used in the construction of electrochemical energy storage system of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs), and has made significant progress. This thesis provided an overview of the preparation and modification methods of cellulose nanofibrils(CNF), cellulose nanocrystals(CNC) and bacterial cellulose(BC) in the context of the application of advanced energy storage devices LIBs and green materials nanocellulose, and reviewed the research progress on the application of nanocellulose in the field of LIBs. It was mainly divided into three aspects: first, nanocellulose-based flexible LIBs electrodes; second, carbon materials derived from nano cellulose as electrodes; third, nano cellulose derived battery separator. Finally, some problems in this field were analyzed, summarized and prospected.

Biomass energy is an important part of renewable energy.High effective utilization and development of biomass energy has positive effects on solving energy and environment problems.Since 1970's,in countries worldwide,especially in advanced countries,extra attentions have been paid to conduct researches on the application technique of biomass energy and a lot of research progress have been achieved,some of which have been used in industrial scale.In this paper,the progress of research and development in domestic and abroad,concerning biomass solidification,liquefaction,gasification and direct combustion technique,are summarized.According to our country's situation,proposals on research and development prospect are put forward.

Anthocyanin is a kind of flavonoid which mainly exists in plants. It has strong biological activities such as anti-cancer and anti-oxidation, and is widely used in the field of nutrition and health care. Most anthocyanins are extracted directly from plants by physical or chemical means, but the yield is low, and the extracted anthocyanins are mostly mixtures due to the restrictions of time, region and season. Biosynthesis of anthocyanins have attracted much attention by researchers worldwide in recent years. As the biosynthesis of anthocyanins can be controlled artificially and the purity of the obtained products is high, it has been widely studied. Anthocyanins cannot exist stably in the environment, and need to be modified by glycosylation, acylation and methylation to increase their stability. The modified anthocyanins can be synthesized by microorganisms and significant color changes can be seen in the medium. The biosynthesis and modification of anthocyanins were reviewed in this paper, and the preparation technology of anthocyanin synthesis from plants and microorganisms was briefly introduced, the factors affecting anthocyanin synthesis were analyzed, and finally the future research direction of anthocyanin was predicted.

Supercapacitors are a new type of green energy storage device with the advantages of fast charging and discharging and long service life. The electrode material is the core component of supercapacitors. The carbon from biomass is considered as a good choice for the preparation of activated carbon because of its wide variety, low price, environmental friendly, porous structure and rich in hetero-atoms, and it is the most popular electrode material for commercial applications. This paper reviewd the effects of pore structure and specific surface area on the performance of electrochemical energy storage of activated carbon, summarized the common pore structures of biomass activated carbon such as tubular, lamellar, honeycomb and network and their electrochemical properties, and analyzed the effects of different biomass components on the performance of activated carbon from three categories: plant-based, animal-based and microbial-based. Finally, the traditional methods of preparing activated carbon and the new preparation methods in recent years were briefly introduced. The problems and challenges of biomass activated carbon were pointed out. Some suggestions were provided to guide the selection of precursors for biomass activated carbon.

5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is one of the most important biomass-based platform molecules and widely used in the preparation of multifunctional compounds such as fine chemicals, key pharmaceutical intermediates, functional polyesters, solvents and liquid fuels. At present, the preparation of HMF is a hot spot in the field of biomass research, and the raw materials and methods for preparing HMF have been continuously expanded. This paper reviews the main preparation methods and research progress of HMF. Catalysis systems for HMF preparation is systematically described, including the types of the catalysts (mineral acids, ionic liquids, metal chlorides, solid acids and others) used in the catalytic process and the solvent systems. Then, the preparation paths and applications of important derivatives from HMF are summarized. Finally, suggestions for future research on HMF are provided based on the understanding of problems existing in the current research.

In this article, the research progress of electrochemical technology of lignin depolymerization recently, including micro electrochemical expression of lignin depolymerization, types of catalysts, electrode materials and electrode mechanism of electrochemical reactor and other strategies, were reviewed. The frontier research of lignin depolymerization by electrochemical technology combined with ionic liquid catalysis system, biological enzyme catalysis system and photocatalysis technology were analyzed. The influences of electrode material and current density on electrocatalytic efficiency were summarized, and the challenges as well as the opportunities of the application of electrochemical technology were presented.

The enormous hydrogen bondings and crystal structures of natural cellulose strongly retard the hydrolysis of native cellulose into soluble sugars, which can be converted into biofuels or high value chemical products. In this paper, recent researches on cellulose structure & hydrogen bonding, as well as some promising methods and theories of decrystallization, and applicational examples were described.

The sources and applications of the bioactive substance squalen that widely exists in animals and plants are reviewed.According to the citations,the most abundant sources of squalene in animals are deep-sea fishes,especially sharks,in which the highest content of squalene is approached to 69% based on liver oil.Amaranth seed oil,olive oil and palm oil are the major plant sources of squalene.The content of squalene is 5 %-8% in amaranth seed oil,and the highest content is 1.16% in olive oil.Because of the strong bioactivity,squalene is widely used in medical care fields and in cosmetics.Squalene is easy to oxidize,so it must be kept with suitable antioxidant during storage.

Gallotannin is an important part of vegetable tannin. Development and current situation of the natural resources, fundamental research of tannin chemistry, chemical processing and utilization of gallotannins in China were summarised. Its future developments were also expected.

With the depletion of petroleum resources and the increasingly serious white pollution, the preparation of bio-based poly(ethylene 2, 5-furandicarboxylate)(PEF) from lignocellulosic resources has become one of the research hotspots in the fields of biorefinery and green chemical industry. Compared with petroleum-based plastics, such as poly(ethylene terephthalate)(PET) and polycarbonate(PC), PEF not only has excellent thermal properties and mechanical strength, but also has more obvious advantages in gas barrier properties, which is considered as a perfect substitute for PET. However, PEF also has some drawbacks, including low elongation at break, dark color, difficult degradation and slow deep crystallization speed. Therefore, it is necessary to modify PEF before practical application. In this paper, the research progresses of PEF modification, including copolymerization, blending and other modification methods were reviewed. The effects of different diols or diacid modified monomers, catalyst types, reaction modes, additives on the properties of PEF were summarized, and the developing trend and application prospects of modified PEF were discussed.

Corn cob was pretreated by H ₃PO ₄-H ₂O ₂(PHP)solution and then hydrolyzed by cellulase. The conditions of pretreatment was optimized, which was based on saccharification rate of substrate. Results showed that in pretreated corn cob under the optimized conditions of pretreatment (mass fraction of H ₃PO ₄ 80%, 4 h, 50℃), the mass fraction of cellulose was 57.38%; the cellulose recovery, hemicellulose removal and lignin removal were 95.84%, 62.36% and 68.97%, respectively.As the dosage of cellulase was 10 FPIU/g glucan, the yield of 72 h enzymatic hydrolysis was 39.12%, which was 2.61 folds higher than that of the enzymatic hydrolysis yield of corn cob without pretreatment(10.84%). Using FT-IR to analyze the change of structure before and after pretreatment, the results showed that, PHP pretreatment had coordinated pretreatment effect in the pretreatment process, which could remove hemicellulose and lignin at the same time. For comparative purpose, H ₃PO ₄ (16.78%) or H ₂O ₂ pretreatment (20.71%) was used independently, to enzymatic hydrolysis of corn cob for 72 h. It was found that the yield of 72 h enzymatic hydrolysis treated by H ₃PO ₄-H ₂O ₂ pretreatment increased by 133.13% and 88.89%, respectively, while compared with that of H ₃PO ₄ or H ₂O ₂.

Lignin is the most abundant renewable aromatic polymer in nature, which complex structure and compact connection with cellulose and hemicellulose through covalent bond and hydrogen bond make it difficult to be separated efficiently. Deep eutectic solvents (DES) is a novel kind of green ionic liquid, which has been successfully applied to lignin isolation due to its unique physical and chemical properties. The research progress of dissolution and extraction of lignin by deep eutectic solvents (DES) is reviewed in detail. From the point of view of the mechanism of dissolving lignin by DES, the effects of different factors(composition, proportion, pH value, functional groups of DES, water content of system, raw material, reaction time, temperature, catalyst, co-solvent, and so on) on lignin removal were emphatically expounded. Based on the research progress of DES in lignin extraction, the research progress and futuer application of lignin extraction were summarized and prospected.

Miscanthus-based lignocellulosic nanofibrils(LCNF) was produced by using citric acid pretreatment followed by the high-pressure homogenization with using miscanthus straw fiber as raw material. LCNF was cross-linked with 4, 4'-diphenyl-methane-diisocyanant(MDI) by using triethylamine as catalyst to obtain aerogel with high oil absorption capacity. The properties of aerogels were characterized by cold field emission scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer(FT-IR), thermogravimetric analyzer, and optical contact angle analyzer, and the oil absorption performance of aerogel was determined by gravimetric method. The results showed that the modified LCNF aerogel exhibited obvious multi-level rough micro/nanostructure with good thermal stability, hydrophobicity, and oil absorption capacity; the maximum weight loss temperature and water contact angle were 353.6℃ and 152.2°, respectively. FT-IR showed that cross-linking reaction was occurred between the hydroxylgroup on LCNF and the isocyanate group of MDI. When the mass ratio of LCNF to MDI was 1:4, the water contact angle of themodified aerogel was 138.1°, and the oil absorption performance was the bestwith chloroform absorption capacity of 41.6 g/g.

This paper reviews the progress of research and development on superabsorbents from cellulose.With different chemical modification methods such as etherification and graft copolymerization,cellulose derivatives have various water absorbence of 10-3 000 times difference,while graft copolymerization is the most effective method.Recent trends on preparing cellulose-based superabsorbents were evaluated,such as cationic superabsorbent and bacteria cellulose.Applications of superabsorbents in agriculture and forestry were also summarized.

This article deals with a new method for preparing fatty acid diethanol amide by reacting camphor tree seed oil with diethanolamine.The product was obtained with a purity of fatty diethanol amide>94% and fatty methyl ester<0.5% by FTIR quantitative analysis. HLB value of the product is 12.22.

This bioactivity capacity of vegetable tannins, including free radical scavenging activity and protein precipitation capacity are generally recognized to be largely dependent on their structure and particularly molecular weight (degree of polymerization). So the study on structure analysis of vegetable tannins has been paid much attention in recent years. This review deals with the main issues related to the analysis of vegetable tannins in the last 10 years. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) are useful tools to screen samples for the different types of tannins. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) are used to identify pure tannin compounds. More recently, MALDI-TOF MS techniques have been developed, which are capable of yielding molecular weights of crude tannin mixtures. MALDI-TOF MS has proved to be highly suitable for the analysis of highly polydisperse and heterogeneous proanthocyanidins.

Lignin is an amorphous, highly cross-linked polyphenol aromatic polymer with a wide range of sources and rich carbon content, and is suitable for the preparation of porous carbon materials. Using lignin to prepare porous carbon is an important way to solve the problem that lignin is difficult to be used efficiently. It can solve environmental pollution and realize resource utilization. This article mainly introduced the research status of the preparation of microporous activated carbon with lignin as carbon precursor by physical and chemical activation method and the preparation of mesoporous carbon materials by template method in recent years. The pore structure and morphology of porous carbon materials prepared by different methods were compared and analyzed, as well as their application progress in adsorption, catalysis and electrochemistry.

Phosphoric acid activation is a principal method of the chemical activations to produce activated carbons, and has a history of around 30 years in the laboratory-scale investigation and the industrial application. In this article, the author systemically reviewed the roles that phosphoric acid played in the process of H ₃PO ₄ activation for the first time. From the chemical point of view, phosphoric acid played in promoting hydrolysis of biopolymers in lignocellulosic materials (1), catalyzing dehydration of biopolymers (2) and aromatization reaction of carbon atoms (3), initiating crosslink reaction with biopolymers (4), and evolution of pores (5). Moreover, three sequential stages were considered to be necessary for the deep incorporation of H ₃PO ₄ solution into the interior of botanic structures, which include fast diffusion, hydrolysis and post diffusion. Meantime, the roles that the activating agents play in H ₃PO ₄ activation and ZnCl ₂ activation are compared.

Carbon foam, a new type of sponge-like carbon materials, has attracted considerable interest due to its special properties such as low density, high temperature tolerance and high mechanical strength. In this paper, the raw and preparation method of carbon foam was summarized. Influence of experiment factors on the structure and application performance of carbon foam was systematically interpreted. The future development of carbon foams is proposed.

Compared with the traditional polymer hydrogel materials, polysaccharide hydrogels are getting more attention of the people, because of its environmentally friendliness, biocompatibility, special functional and biodegradable advantages. The production methods of hydrogels from plant polysaccharides, marine polysaccharide, microbial polysaccharide and its blending polysaccharide were summarized, as well as the functional characteristics and characterization methods. And the applications of hydrogel materials in medicine and health care, food, cosmetics, agriculture, environmental protection and other fields were introduced. The application prospects of polysaccharide hydrogel in biosensor, bioreactor, artificial intelligence materials and antibacterial materials were discussed, and the main focus of future polysaccharide research were proposed, such as improving material performance and features, studying gel formation mechanism, and simulating function materials.

The progress of technical studies on activated carbon production at home and abroad in recent years were introduced, such as pollution-free, low active agent consumption, pre-treatment, catalytic activation, template manufacture and physical-chemical united techniques. Meanwhile, the progress was discussed in researching the application technology of activated carbon, such as hydrogen preservation, natural gas peak load regulation, VOC recovery, oxygen-enrichment, photo-catalysis, temperature controlling, flowers fresh-keeping, soil improving, fuel cell electrodes, as well as regeneration of saturatedly adsorbed activated carbon. The existing problems and future trends of production and application technology of activated carbon were also discussed.

Cellulose and chitosan are the two most abundant natural biomass polymers on the earth. The novel, green and functional composite nanofibers derived from cellulose and chitosan were expected to be obtained by electrospinning, which can further expand their applications. The selection and development of the optimum solvent system is a crucial prerequisite and guarantee for the preparation of high-quality nanofibers by electrospinning. The characteristics, dissolution effects, mechanisms and spinning performance of the main solvent systems(including organic solvents, aqueous solvents and ionic liquid solvents) for electrospun cellulose, chitosan single and composite nanofibers were reviewed, which could provide a theoretical reference for the high value-added nano-utilization of cellulose and chitosan as well as the development of functional biocomposite nanofibers.

The epoxy monomer 1, 3, 3'-tri-oxirane-2'-methoxy-benzophenone(DEBP) was synthesized with vanillic acid, m-diphenol, epichlorohydrin and so on as raw materials by simple two-step method. And DEBP was structurally characterized and determined via FT-IR, and was then mixed with 4, 4'-diaminodiphenylsulfone(DDS), followed by heating and curing to obtain DEBP/DDS epoxy resin. For comparative purpose, commercially used diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A(DGEBA) was cured with the identical curing agent was used as a control. The results showed that DEBP monomer had higher curing activity than that of DGEBA monomer. The glass transition temperature of DEBP/DDS epoxy resin was 183℃, which was higher than that of DGEBA/DDS. The DEBP/DDS epoxy resin outperformed DGEBA/DDS epoxy resin in terms of flexural and tensile properties. The flexural modulus and strength of DEBP/DDS epoxy resin were measured as 2 437.8 and 98.6 MPa and the tensile modulus and strength of DEBP/DDS were 2 523.4 and 71.1 MPa. The cured DEBP/DDS also demonstrated excellent flame retardant property. The char residue at 800℃ reached 35%, the limiting oxygen index(LOI) was 34%, the UL 94 level was V-0 and the total heat release was measured as 17.8 kJ/g. This research suggested that without indroducing any flame retardant element, an intrinsic flame-retarding epoxy resin was synthesized with bio materials.

This article briefs current situation of world turpentine industry and market.By analyzing historical data, the prospect of turpentine market is described.

Hydroxyl value of lignin was determined by the phthalic anhydride-pyridine method which is the standard method for determination of hydroxyl value for polyether glycol. The accuracy of hydroxyl value via acid value and base value measurement was improved, while this novel method employed for sodium ligninsulfonate and enzymatic hydrolysis lignin from cornstalks. Replacing pyridine with ethanol as solvent and HCl with potassium hydrogen phthalate for measuring base value, enhanced the accuracy and precision of the measured results. The deviation of base value is less 1%. In addition, the cost of determination decreased, compared with the traditional method.

The synergistic flame-retarded effects of a similar molecular sieve[Co ₅(OH) ₂(tca) ₂(ina) ₂(H ₂O) ₂]·4H ₂O(Co ₅) and ammonium polyphosphate(APP) on cottonwood was studied by cone calorimeter. The results showed that compared with APP added individually, the combination of Co ₅ and APP was led to the reduction of total heat release(THR) to 18.3%, the mass loss to 7.7%, y(CO ₂) to 22.8 g/kg and y(CO) to 12.3 g/kg, respectively. The TGA and XRD analysis also showed that the generation of tricarballylic acid and isonicotinic acid ligands under high temperature. It can promote the decomposition of the APP and help to inhibit burning and lower the weightlessness rate. Thus, the flame retardancy of s-APP/Co ₅ was superior to s-APP. Co ₅ showed good effects on the APP flame retarded cottonwood.

Advances of research on preparation, modification and application of nanocellulose whiskers(NCW) are reviewed. NCW are produced from natural cellulose by sulfuric-acid hydrolysis. Recent progress of research on hydrolysis process, preparation methods and conditions, characterization of properties of NCW, surface modification methods and the application of NCW in the fields of fine chemical and material science,etc. are mainly introduced.

Fast pyrolysis of biomass for bio-oil is a kind of new technology of energy conversion which attracts growing research rapidly.Bio-oil can replace traditional mineral fuels or be used as raw material to produce special chemicals such as slow-releasing fertilizers.In the present article,the principle,characteristics,reactors,and special requirements for the fast pyrolysis of biomass were reviewed.The potential application fields of bio-oil were summarized.A practical study showed the application of this technology on waste wood and indicated the potential application of this approach to control contaminations.

Theory and practice of thermolysis process to produce bamboo carbon and bamboo distillate,as well as their production technology,physical and chemical properties are summarized.General methods to produce bamboo carbon by kiln and furnace,and main applications of bamboo carbon and bamboo distillates are introduced.The ways of research on development and technology of bamboo carbon are also discussed.