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    25 October 2021, Volume 41 Issue 5 Previous Issue    Next Issue
    Co-production of Xylooligosaccharides and Bacillus subtilis from Poplar
    Peiyao WEN, Jiaxin YOU, Yong XU, Junhua ZHANG
    2021, 41 (5):  1-7.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2021.05.001
    Abstract ( 386 )   HTML ( 1799045353 )   PDF (595KB) ( 524 )   Save

    Acetic acid(AC) hydrolysis and the second-step pretreatment were used to produce xylooligosaccharides(XOS) and enzymatic hydrolysate from poplar. The hydrolysate was used as carbon resource to produce Bacillus subtilis by fermentation. After the poplar was pretreated by 5% AC at 170℃ for 30 min, the XOS yield of the pretreatment liquor was 55.8%. In the second-step pretreatment, the order of improvement on enzymatic hydrolysis of AC-pretreated poplar was showed as follows: hydrogen peroxide-acetic acid(HPAC), sodium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide-hydrogen peroxide, γ-valerolactone(GVL), ammonia pretreatment. The AC-pretreated poplar after HPAC pretreatment had the highest digestiability and the glucose yield of the hydrolysate was 72.4%. Specially, Tween 80 could further improve the glucose yield of AC-HPAC-pretreated poplar to 93.8%. The enzymatic hydrolysate obtained from the two-step pretreated poplar was used to produce B. subtilis and the highest viable count of the fermentation liquor could reach 2.1×109 CFU/mL. After fermentation for 11.5 h, the utilizations of glucose and xylose were 95.3% and 25.0%, respectively. The results in this work could guide for the co-production of XOS and B. subtilis from poplar, and provide a reference for the high value-added conversion of poplar.

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    Preparation of Xylooligosaccharides by Xylonic Acid Assisted Hydrolysis of Xylan and Its Separation and Recovery Process
    Tian HUANG, Xiaotong ZHANG, Jianglin ZHAO, Jianming GUO, Xin ZHOU, Yong XU
    2021, 41 (5):  8-14.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2021.05.002
    Abstract ( 389 )   HTML ( 1728053373 )   PDF (2204KB) ( 542 )   Save

    Using reaction temperature, xylonic acid(XA-H) mass fraction and reaction time as independent variables, a response surface design was employed to optimize the yield of xylooligosaccharides(XOS) from acidic hydrolysis of the alkali extraction xylan obtained from corncob. And the Gluconobacter oxydans was used to bio-oxidize by-products xylose to XA-H. Then, XA-H and XOS products were simultaneously separated and recovered by bipolar membrane electrodialysis. The results indicated that the optimal conditions for producing XOS were solid-to-liquid ratio 1:10(g: mL), reaction temperature 170℃, mass fraction of XA-H 6%, and reaction time 22 min. Under the optimum conditions, the yield of XOS was 54.9%, while 18.5 g/L xylose was generated as byproduct. Sequentially, the xylose was converted into XA-H within 12 h with C. oxydans of 4 g/L(massconcentration 18.2 g/L, yield 90.9%) cells, and the total content of XA-H increased from 6% to 7.8%. Finally, the hydrolysate after biooxidation was subjected to electrodialysis for separating the XA-H and XOS; the corresponding recovery rates were 95% and 98%, respectively, the purity of XOS was increased from 30% to 75%.

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    Enhancement of Soluble Expression of β-Xylosidase by Molecular Chaperone and Its Synergistic Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Xylan
    Qi LI, Wenhui ZHU, Yunpeng JIANG, Linguo ZHAO
    2021, 41 (5):  15-22.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2021.05.003
    Abstract ( 273 )   HTML ( 10561 )   PDF (3033KB) ( 468 )   Save

    Based on the purpose of improving the soluble expression of β-xylosidase(Xln-DT) from Dictyoglomus thermophilum, six commercial chaperone proteins were screened by co-expression of chaperone proteins. The results showed that the soluble expression of Xln-DT was increased to 1.31 times of initial expression of proenzyme after the co-expression system of inducible plasmid pG-KJE8 and recombinant expression plasmid pet-28a-xln-DT containing xln-DT gene were constructed. The terrific-broth medium was induced by adding 0.01 mmol/L isopropylthio-β-D-galactoside(IPTG), 5 μg/L tetracycline, 1.5 g/L L-arabinose with 2.0% glycerol and 1.2% peptone as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. Finally, enzyme activity of Xln-DTwas 11.9 U/mL at 32℃ for 60 h, which was 4.22 times higher than thatof the original enzyme in LB medium. In addition, the process and enzymatic mode of 5 kinds of xylan with endoxylanase XynB-DT and β-xylosidase Xln-DT were investigated. After adding Xln-DT, the enzymatic hydrolysis yield of fivekinds of xylans (beechwood xylan, birchwood xylan, corncob xylan, oat xylan and bagasse xylan) were 84.4%, 90.2%, 79.6%, 77.3% and 64.7%, respectively, which was significantly improved compared with that only adding XynB-DT. All the results could not only significantly improve the soluble expression of Xln-DT, but also had a good application prospect in the production of xylooligosaccharides and xylose by enzymatic hydrolysis of xylan.

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    Production of Xylooligosaccharides and Monosaccharides from Poplar by Two-step Sodium Chlorite and Sodium Hydroxide Pretreatment
    Xin FANG, Peiyao WEN, Yong XU, Junhua ZHANG
    2021, 41 (5):  23-30.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2021.05.004
    Abstract ( 563 )   HTML ( 2054750212 )   PDF (2954KB) ( 605 )   Save

    In this work, the effects of sodium chlorite(SC) and sodium hydroxide(SH) pretreatments on the chemical composition of poplar were investigated. The preparation of xylooligosaccharides(XOS) and monosaccharides by enzymatic hydrolysis was discussed. The results showed that poplar lignin could be selectively removed by SC pretreatment. After 6% SC pretreatment at 70℃ for 3 h, the removal of lignin reached 65.8%, whereas 90.7% glucan and 92.4% xylan were retained. The data of X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated that SC pretreatment removed the total lignin in poplar and the surface lignin on poplar, and increased the crystallinity and accessibility of the substrate. After the pretreatment with 6% SC at 70℃ and 1% SH at 50℃, the contents of glucan, xylan, and lignin in the pretreated poplar were 67.8%, 21.5%, and 2.9%, respectively. The highest XOS yield of 47.2% from the SC-SH-pretreated poplar by xylanase hydrolysis was obtained, and the XOS preparation was composed of 98% xylobiose. Compared with the poplar treated by 6% SC at 70℃ for 3 h, SH pretreatment increased the yield of XOS by 7.1 times. After the hydrolysis by xylanase, the glucose yield of two-step pretreated poplar residue was 90.2% with a cellulase lading of 30 mg/g dry matter. Finally, 52.5 g XOS, 317.6 g glucose and 49.9 g xylose were obtained from 1 kg raw poplar. The results of this work provided a theoretical guidance for the preparation of XOS and monosaccharides from poplar under mild conditions.

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    Preparation and Properties of Sodium Lignosulfonate Based Intumescent Flame Retardant Polyurethane Foam
    Yue MA, Xu LI, Zhiming LIU
    2021, 41 (5):  31-37.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2021.05.005
    Abstract ( 295 )   HTML ( 1484783619 )   PDF (2873KB) ( 534 )   Save

    Sodium lignosulfonate based intumescent flame retardant polyurethane foam(PUF) composite was prepared by one-step foaming method with using sodium lignosulfonate(SLS) as physical filler, the compound of ammonium polyphosphate(APP) and pentaerythritol(PER) as intumescent flame retardant(IFR). Limiting oxygen index(LOI) test was used to study the flame retardancy of PUF materials; thermogravimetric analysis(TG) and cone calorimetry(CONE) were used to analyze the thermal degradation behavior and combustion behavior of PUF materials; scanning electron microscope(SEM) was used to analyze the micro morphology of residual carbon of PUF composites after cone test; the compressive strength of the materials as tested by universal mechanical testing machine. The results showed that LOI value of flame retardant PUF material reached 25.5%, when the amount of SLS was 4% and 30% IFR with the mass ratio of APP to PER of 4:1 was added, the compressive strength of the material was increased to 359.87 kPa. Compared with the pure PUF materials, the maximum thermal degradation rate, heat release rate and total heat release of the flame retardant PUF decreased, and the char yield at 700℃ increased to 34.5%. In sum, the addition of SLS and IFR significantly improved the flame retardant properties and compressive strength.

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    Synthesis, Antibacterial and Anticancer Activity of α-Eleostearic Amides Derivatives
    Jiang CHENG, Pujun XIE, Lixin HUANG, Caihong ZHANG
    2021, 41 (5):  38-44.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2021.05.006
    Abstract ( 361 )   HTML ( 2017460227 )   PDF (502KB) ( 408 )   Save

    In order to find α-eleostearic acid derivatives with potential biological activity, a series of α-eleostearic amides derived from α-eleostearic acid was synthesized: α-eleostearic-3-methylbenz-amide(3a), α-eleostearic-4-methoxybenz-amide(3b), α-eleostearic-4-trifluoromethbenz-amide(3c), α-eleostearic-4-fluorobenz-amide(3d), α-eleostearic-3-chlorobenz-amide(3e), α-eleostearic-2, 3-dichlorobenz-amide(3f), α-eleostearic-3-methylcyclohexan-amide(3g). The products were confirmed by FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HPLC-MS. The results of biological activity experiments showed that compound 3c had good inhibitory effect on hepatocarcinoma cells HepG2, rectal carcinoma cells DLD-1 and breast cancer cells MCF-7. The 50% inhibition concentration of compound 3f on HepG2 was 55.58 μmol/L, which was similar to the 50% inhibition concentration of 5-fluorouracil. All compounds had inhibitory activity against Staphyloccocus aureus and Escherichia coli. Moreover, compound 3f had preferable antibacterial activity against Staphyloccocus aureus, the 50% inhibition concentration was 0.022 μmol/L, which was similar to ampicillin sodium and had the potential to replace antibiotics in animal feed.

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    Preparation and Characterization of Hydrophobic and Lipophilic Lignocellulosic Nanofibrils-based Aerogel
    Huiyang BIAN, Yanqiao FU, Lidong CHEN, Weisheng YANG, Shuangquan YAO, Hongqi DAI
    2021, 41 (5):  45-50.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2021.05.007
    Abstract ( 316 )   HTML ( 1544553472 )   PDF (3479KB) ( 653 )   Save

    Miscanthus-based lignocellulosic nanofibrils(LCNF) was produced by using citric acid pretreatment followed by the high-pressure homogenization with using miscanthus straw fiber as raw material. LCNF was cross-linked with 4, 4'-diphenyl-methane-diisocyanant(MDI) by using triethylamine as catalyst to obtain aerogel with high oil absorption capacity. The properties of aerogels were characterized by cold field emission scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer(FT-IR), thermogravimetric analyzer, and optical contact angle analyzer, and the oil absorption performance of aerogel was determined by gravimetric method. The results showed that the modified LCNF aerogel exhibited obvious multi-level rough micro/nanostructure with good thermal stability, hydrophobicity, and oil absorption capacity; the maximum weight loss temperature and water contact angle were 353.6℃ and 152.2°, respectively. FT-IR showed that cross-linking reaction was occurred between the hydroxylgroup on LCNF and the isocyanate group of MDI. When the mass ratio of LCNF to MDI was 1:4, the water contact angle of themodified aerogel was 138.1°, and the oil absorption performance was the bestwith chloroform absorption capacity of 41.6 g/g.

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    Effects of Biological Pretreatment on Constituents, Oil Cells Morphology and Endophytic Microbial Communities of Cinnamomum longepaniculatum
    Xian CHENG, Liangwu BI, Shengnan LI, Yuxiang CHEN, Zhendong ZHAO, Kailin MO
    2021, 41 (5):  51-57.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2021.05.008
    Abstract ( 319 )   HTML ( 735 )   PDF (5194KB) ( 420 )   Save

    The leaves of Cinnamomum longepaniculatum(Gamble) N.Chao ex H. W. Li. were pretreated by adding water, yeast and complex bacteria respectively, and the essential oil of C. longepaniculatum leaves was extracted after pretreatment. The GC-MS was used to characterize the chemical composition of essential oil. The tissue transparency method was used to observe the morphology of the oil cells after pretreatment, and calculate the density of oil cells; finally, through gene sequencing, characterize the endophytic community structure of C. longepaniculatum leaves and analyze the correlation between the endophytic bacteria community and biological pretreatment. The results showed that yeast pretreatment and complex bacteria pretreatment increased the extraction yield of essential oil by 33.6% and 49.8%, respectively, and slightly reduced the relative content of 1, 8-cineole, the minor components such as α-terpineol, β-pinene and γ-terpinene were slightly increased; the oil cell density of C.longepaniculatum leaves after pretreatment with water, yeast, and complex bacteria were (37±2), (27±2) and (25±5) per 1 mm2, which were less than that of fresh leaves, (37±3) per 1 mm2; Based on distance-based redundancy analysis(dbRDA) and correlation heatmap analysis, it is found that pretreatment methods havd a greater impact on the endophytic community structure of camphor leaves. γ-Proteobacteria, α-proteobacteria, cyanobacteria and acidobacteria were the most affected species in class level. The order of the degree of influence was complex bacteria pretreatment>yeast pretreatment=water pretreatment. The addition of complex bacteria was significantly related to a variety of endophytes, especially the abundance of planktomycetes, acid bacilli and bacillus.

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    Preparation and Photocatalytic Performance of CQDs/TiO2
    Youqi HAN, Jiaxin NI, Xiaolin HUANG, Yudong LI, Guiquan JIANG, Shiyan HAN
    2021, 41 (5):  58-64.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2021.05.009
    Abstract ( 384 )   HTML ( 27651 )   PDF (4512KB) ( 600 )   Save

    Activated carbon was prepared by phosphoric acid activation method with corn stalks as raw materials. The carbon quantum dots(CQDs) were prepared by hydrothermal synthesis with the activated carbon as the carbon source. The CQDs/TiO2 composite photocatalyst was prepared by CQDs and TiO2 composite. CQDs were characterized by FT-IR, XPS, TEM, XRD andRaman spectroscopy, confirming that CQDs mainly contained C and O elements, and they existed in a combination of C-C/C=C, C-O and C=O. CQDs were mainly nano spherical particles with an average particle size of 3.1 nm, which were composed of graphitized carbon core and functional groups. Moreover, the fluorescence performance of CQDs showed that the optimal excitation wavelength was 315 nm and the emission wavelength was 435 nm with blue fluorescence emission. The successful preparation of CQDs/TiO2 photocatalyst was confirmed by TEM and XPS, and the composite of CQDs and TiO2 was connected by Ti-O-C. Through the comparative analysis of catalytic degradation performance of CQDs/TiO2 and TiO2 under UV light (365 nm), xenon lamp simulated sunlight and outdoor sunlight, the results showed that the catalytic performance of CQDs/TiO2 was lower than pure TiO2 under UV light. The catalytic degradation performance of CQDs/TiO2 under visible light(simulated sunlight and outdoor sunlight) was superior to pure TiO2, and the highest degradation rate was 99.51% after outdoor sunlight irradiation for 105 min, basically degraded completely.

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    One-step Hydrogenation of Castor Oil Catalyzed by Pt-La/SAPO-11 Catalyst for Preparing of Aviation Kerosene
    Wenjie ZHANG, Yubao CHEN, Ying LIU, Rui XU, Xingyong LI, Liangdong HU
    2021, 41 (5):  65-71.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2021.05.010
    Abstract ( 511 )   HTML ( 1610612736 )   PDF (627KB) ( 476 )   Save

    In order to reduce the use of fossil fuels and explore new renewable energy, bio-aviation kerosene was prepared by one-step hydrogenation of castor oil in the high-pressure micro fixed bed with Pt-La/SAPO-11 as catalyst. The effect of different reaction temperature, space velocity, hydrogen pressure and hydrogen oil ratio(hydrogen volume/castor oil volume, the same below) on the selectivity of C8-C16 hydrocarbon, C8-C16 iso-alkanes, C8-C16 aromatics and conversion ratio of triglyceride were explored. The optimal technological parameters were obtained as follows: temperature 400℃, hydrogen pressure 4 MPa, space velocity 1 h-1, hydrogen-oil ratio 1 000. Under these conditions, the conversion rates of the product was 87.78%, the selectivity of C8-C16 hydrocarbon was 58.24%, the selectivity of C8-C16 iso-alkanes was 17.32%, and the selectivity of C8-C16 aromatics was 10.72%. According to the previous research, it was speculated that the unsaturated fatty ricinoleic acid was converted into saturated ricinoleic acid by hydrogenation on the Pt-La/SAPO-11 catalyst, and then intermediate products such as alcohols and acids were generated at the acidic sites of the catalyst. The hydrocarbon product obtained through dehydroxylation, decarboxylation and other reactions on metal sites and acid sites, and finally obtained aviation fuel component C8-C16 alkanes under hydrogenation, cracking and isomerization reactions.

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    Preparation and Characterization of Rosin Grafted Cellulose Nanocrystals Reinforced Natural Rubber Composites
    Xiaoliang GUO, Simai QI, Chunpeng WANG, Jifu WANG, Fuxiang CHU
    2021, 41 (5):  72-78.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2021.05.011
    Abstract ( 350 )   HTML ( 7870 )   PDF (1846KB) ( 554 )   Save

    Cellulose nanocrystals(CNC) modified by rosin were used to synthesize rosin grafted cellulose nanocrystals(R-CNC). And R-CNC was applied as filler to strengthen natural rubber(NR) forming rosin grafted cellulose nanocrystals reinforced natural rubber composites(R-CNC/NR). FT-IR, UV-Vis, scanning electron microscope(SEM), X-ray diffraction(XRD) and tensile strength were employed to investigate the properties and performance. The successful grafting of rosin from CNC could be proved by FT-IR.The grafting rate of rosin calculated by UV-Vis was 30%. XRD proved that R-CNC/NR had excellent crystallinity. SEMtest showed that R-CNC had better compatibility with NR. Tensile test showed that the tensile strength of NR was 0.33 MPa. When the content of CNC was 40%, the tensile strength of natural rubber reinforced by cellulose nanocrystals(CNC/NR) was 1.56 MPa and the elastic recovery value was 88.75%. When the content of R-CNC was 40%, the tensile strength of R-CNC/NR was 2.87 MPa and the elastic recovery value was 90.04%. Therefore, the reinforcing effect of R-CNC on NR was better than that of CNC.

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    Synthesis of Rosin-based Anionic Exchange Resin and Its Adsorption Performance on Melanoidins
    Yuyu E, Wen LI, Jianxin JIANG, Weiyuan LI, Wei WEI, Fuhou LEI
    2021, 41 (5):  79-84.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2021.05.012
    Abstract ( 265 )   HTML ( 325 )   PDF (2094KB) ( 469 )   Save

    Rosin-based anionic exchange resin(RAER) was prepared by using modified rosin as the cross-linking skeleton, and quaternary ammonium cations as the functional group. And then, its adsorption performance on melanoidin which was arepresentative pigment in sugar juice was investigated. The four single factors(resin dosage, adsorption temperature, pH value and adsorption time) were optimized by the static adsorption experiments. When the initial mass concentration of melanoidin was 350 mg/L, the optimum adsorption conditions were resin dosage 0.06 g/mL, temperature 333 K, adsorption time 120 min and pH value 4.92. At the optimal adsorption conditions, the maximum adsorption capacity of melanoidins was 1.29 mg/g and the adsorption rate was 22.07%, which indicated that the rosin-based anionic exchange resin had superior adsorption performance on melanoidins.

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    Response Surface Optimization of Papain-assisted Extraction of Polyphenol and Flavonoids form Paeonia suffruticosa Cortex and Its Antioxidant Activity
    Xiao MA, Gang CHEN
    2021, 41 (5):  85-92.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2021.05.013
    Abstract ( 288 )   HTML ( 2080374784 )   PDF (465KB) ( 386 )   Save

    To explore the extraction process and in vitro antioxidant activity of polyphenol and flavonoids, papain was used to enzymatically hydrolyze moutan cortex powder to extract paeonol and flavonoids. The yield of polyphenol, flavonoids and the scavenging rate of DPPH free radicals(DPPH·) were selected as the indexes to optimize the extraction conditions by response surface methodology. Though analysing the established model which verified reliably, the optimal extrating conditions were obtained when the three indexes reached the maximum level separately and simultaneously. The results showed that the optimal extraction process parameters of polyphenol yield were papain 400 U/g, liquid to material ratio 21:1(mL: g), pH 5.5, and enzymatic hydrolysis time 119 min with the yield of polyphenol was 28.96 mg/g. The optimal extraction process parameters of flavonoid yield were papain 400 U/g, liquid to material ratio 20:1(mL: g), pH 6.0, enzymatic hydrolysis time 121 min, with theyield of flavonoids was 44.32 mg/g.The optimal extraction process parameters of DPPH· scavenging rate were papain 400 U/g, liquid to material ratio 21:1(mL: g), pH 6, and enzymatic hydrolysis time 123 min with DPPH· scavenging rate was 66.87%. The optimal extraction process parameter of the yield of polyphenol, flavonoid yield and DPPH· scavenging rate was papain 400 U/g, the ratio of liquid to material 21:1(mL: g), pH 6, and the enzymatic hydrolysis time 122 min with the yield of polyphenol was 28.25 mg/g, the yield of flavonoid was 42.96 mg/g and the DPPH· scavenging rate was 66.72%. The obtained model was reliable, and the prediction of the yield of polyphenol and flavonoids and the scavenging rate of DPPH· was accurate.

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    Vapor-liquid Equilibrium Properties of Pine Resin System and Development of N2/CO2 Circulating Active Gas Distillation Process
    Wenbiao HOU, Wenduo JIANG, Jiachao WU, Jiezhen LIANG, Linlin WANG, Xiaopeng CHEN
    2021, 41 (5):  93-99.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2021.05.014
    Abstract ( 312 )   HTML ( 6812 )   PDF (551KB) ( 671 )   Save

    The vapor-liquid equilibrium data of pine resin system with the content of rosin among 0 to 70% as well as the effect of desorption of superior oil of turpentine(95.85% α-pinene) and medium oil of turpentine(36.00%α-pinene) from the distillation of oleoresin were determined by modified Ellis equilibrium cell and gas chromatography at the temperature of 428.15-488.15 K and atmospheric pressure. The results showed that the phase equilibrium temperature increased by the content increasing of rosin in oleoresin, which indicated that the lower concentration of turpentine in oleoresin was, the higher distillation temperature of oleoresin was, that was to say, the turpentine components were difficult to be desorbed from rosin. However, the content of rosin had little influence on vapor-liquid equilibrium data of distillate composition in turpentine. According to the results of vapor-liquid equilibrium properties and the effect of desorption, circulating N2 or CO2 distillation method the was designed to modify the process of pine gum distillation. Compared with traditional overheated steam method, the annual consume of standard coal, cooling water and greenhouse gas CO2 by circulating N2 or CO2 method based on 10 000 tons of rosin were decreased by 567.4-694.0 tons, 1.329×105-1.624×105 m3 and 2 080-2 545 tons, respectively. The production processes of separator for oil from water and filter for salts were not required. Water was not contaminated in products of rosin and turpentine. There was no emission of waste gas, waste water with turpentine and waste salts. The loss of turpentine and the emissions of waste salt were decreased by 13.52-29.72 tons and 60 tons annually. The obtained rosin and turpentine products met the national standard requirements.

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    Research Advance in Preparation of 2, 5-Furanedioic Acid by Oxidation of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural over Transition Metal-based Catalysts
    Jifeng BAI, Yu YANG, Zhixin JIANG, Manfang CHENG, Lin ZHANG, Jingyun WANG
    2021, 41 (5):  100-112.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2021.05.015
    Abstract ( 491 )   HTML ( 1655635990 )   PDF (1772KB) ( 680 )   Save

    This article reviews the recent research progress of preparation of 2, 5-furandiformaldehyde(DFF) by the oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural(HMF) with transition metal-based catalysts. The application of manganese-based, copper-based, vanadium-based, iron/cobalt-based and other catalytic systems in the preparation of DFF by HMF oxidation is mainly introduced. The effects of different reaction conditions on the catalytic performance of the catalyst are analyzed in detail, the reaction mechanism of different catalysts is explained, and the advantages and disadvantages of different catalysts are summarized. In addition, based on the analysis of the existed problems in the current catalyst catalysis process, the development prospects of the transition metal-based catalysts catalyzed by HMF oxidation to prepare DFF are also prospected.

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    Research Progress on Electrode Materials from Activated Carbon-based Supercapacitors
    Haonan CHEN, Ting YU, Yali ZHOU, Xiping LEI, Xiaolin GUAN
    2021, 41 (5):  113-125.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2021.05.016
    Abstract ( 803 )   HTML ( 1162674396 )   PDF (6778KB) ( 961 )   Save

    Supercapacitors are a new type of green energy storage device with the advantages of fast charging and discharging and long service life. The electrode material is the core component of supercapacitors. The carbon from biomass is considered as a good choice for the preparation of activated carbon because of its wide variety, low price, environmental friendly, porous structure and rich in hetero-atoms, and it is the most popular electrode material for commercial applications. This paper reviewd the effects of pore structure and specific surface area on the performance of electrochemical energy storage of activated carbon, summarized the common pore structures of biomass activated carbon such as tubular, lamellar, honeycomb and network and their electrochemical properties, and analyzed the effects of different biomass components on the performance of activated carbon from three categories: plant-based, animal-based and microbial-based. Finally, the traditional methods of preparing activated carbon and the new preparation methods in recent years were briefly introduced. The problems and challenges of biomass activated carbon were pointed out. Some suggestions were provided to guide the selection of precursors for biomass activated carbon.

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    Research Progress on Biological Activities of Sapindus Saponin and Hederagenin
    Jie YIN, Minping WEI, Weirong YAO
    2021, 41 (5):  126-134.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2021.05.017
    Abstract ( 377 )   HTML ( 1140850692 )   PDF (682KB) ( 440 )   Save

    China soapberry(Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn.) is a rare and widely used natural resource. The molecular structures of sapindus saponin and hederagenin, which are the active ingredients in China soapberry, are briefly introduced. The biological activities of them in antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, antitumor, hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, antibacterial, inhibiting xanthine oxidase activity and improving meat quality are analyzed in detail. At the same time, the similarities and differences of biological activities between them are compared. Then the causes, so as to provide the basis for the rational use of China soapberry are speculated.

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