榛坚果的油脂含量、脂肪酸组成及榛仁中生物活性成分研究进展

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2023.05.018

林产化学与工业 ›› 2023, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (5): 133-144.doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2023.05.018

榛坚果的油脂含量、脂肪酸组成及榛仁中生物活性成分研究进展

史晨杉¹^,², 高双¹, 郭晨燕³, 韩俊华¹, 蒋剑春⁴^,*(), 梁丽松²^,*()

1. 河北科技大学食品与生物学院, 河北石家庄 050018
2. 中国林业科学研究院林业研究所, 北京 100091
3. 河北地质大学城市地质与工程学院, 河北石家庄 050031
4. 中国林业科学研究院林产化学工业研究所, 江苏南京 210042

收稿日期:2023-04-10 出版日期:2023-10-28 发布日期:2023-10-27
通讯作者: 蒋剑春,梁丽松 E-mail:jiangjc@icifp.cn;lianglscaf@126.com
作者简介:梁丽松, 副研究员, 研究领域为农产品采后生物学与贮藏加工, E-mail: lianglscaf@126.com
蒋剑春, 中国工程院院士, 研究员, 博士生导师, 研究领域为生物质能源转化技术、活性炭制备和应用等领域的基础与应用基础研究, E-mail: jiangjc@icifp.cn
史晨杉(1990—)，女，河北邢台人，讲师，博士，主要从事榛坚果副产物的研究工作
基金资助:
中国工程院战略研究与咨询项目(2022-XY-140)

Research Progress on Oil Content, Fatty Acid Composition and Bioactive Components of Hazelnut

Chenshan SHI¹^,², Shuang GAO¹, Chenyan GUO³, Junhua HAN¹, Jianchun JIANG⁴^,*(), Lisong LIANG²^,*()

1. College of Food Science and Biology, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
2. Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
3. School of Urban Geology and Engineering, Hebei Geological University, Shijiazhuang 050031, China
4. Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, China

Received:2023-04-10 Online:2023-10-28 Published:2023-10-27
Contact: Jianchun JIANG,Lisong LIANG E-mail:jiangjc@icifp.cn;lianglscaf@126.com

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

榛子是我国重要的经济林树种, 其坚果中含有丰富的不饱和脂肪酸, 被称为“心脏健康”食品。本文介绍了榛坚果中油脂含量及脂肪酸组成, 分析了影响油脂含量及脂肪酸组成的潜在因素, 综述了榛仁中酚类、生育酚和植物甾醇等主要生物活性成分的研究进展，简单陈述了作为榛坚果加工副产物的蛋白质的相关情况，并探讨了加工对榛子油的影响。通过文献分析发现：生长环境及品种的差异均会影响榛子油脂肪酸的品质, 榛子油富含的亚油酸使其在加工储藏中容易发生氧化酸败。生育酚及植物甾醇是油脂的主要活性物质, 其中α-生育酚及β-谷甾醇含量最为丰富, 是延缓油脂氧化的主要活性成分。此外, 以没食子酸、丁香酸、香草酸、缩合单宁等为主的酚类物质主要分布在果皮中, 且不同品种间存在显著差异。未来, 榛子油的研究可从“使用新兴技术”和“协同抑制油脂氧化”等方向展开。

关键词: 榛, 不饱和脂肪酸, 氧化, 生育酚, 甾醇

Abstract:

Hazelnut (Corylus), as an important non-wood forest trees in China, is renowned for its abundant unsaturated fatty acids and recognized as a "heart-healthy" food. This paper introduces the oil content and fatty acid composition of hazelnuts, analyzes the potential factors that affect these properties. The research progress on phenolic compounds, tocopherols and phytosterols in hazelnut kernels was reviewed. The protein produced as a by-product of hazelnut processing was briefly introduced, and the impact of processing on hazelnut oil was discussed. Literature analysis suggests that the oil content and fatty acid composition in hazelnuts are influenced by variations in growing environments and cultivars. The high content of linoleic acid in hazelnut oil is the primary cause of its susceptibility to oxidative rancidity during processing and storage. Tocopherols and phytosterols have been identified as the main active compounds naturally existed in hazelnut oil, with α-tocopherol and β-sitosterol being the most abundant. These compounds play a crucial role in preventing oil oxidation. Furthermore, phenolics such as gallic acid, syringic acid, vanillic acid and condensed tannin are primarily concentrated in the hazelnut skin, displaying significant variations among different hazelnut varieties. Future research should explore the application of emerging technologies and the synergistic application of active antioxidant ingredients in hazelnut oil.

Key words: hazelnut, unsaturated fatty acids, oxidation, tocopherols, sterols

中图分类号:

TQ35

史晨杉, 高双, 郭晨燕, 韩俊华, 蒋剑春, 梁丽松. 榛坚果的油脂含量、脂肪酸组成及榛仁中生物活性成分研究进展[J]. 林产化学与工业, 2023, 43(5): 133-144.

Chenshan SHI, Shuang GAO, Chenyan GUO, Junhua HAN, Jianchun JIANG, Lisong LIANG. Research Progress on Oil Content, Fatty Acid Composition and Bioactive Components of Hazelnut[J]. Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products, 2023, 43(5): 133-144.

图/表 5

表1

表2

土耳其栽培的欧洲榛坚果的脂肪酸组成"

品种(种植) species(cv.)	收获年份 crop year	C₁₆: 0	C₁₆: 1	C₁₈: 0	C₁₈: 1	C₁₈: 2	C₁₈: 3	参考文献 reference
Ac?	2009-2010	5.93	0.36	2.20	84.78	6.25	0.08
Allahverdi	2009-2010	6.29	0.29	2.69	82.22	8.02	0.12
Bolu	2009-2010	5.19	0.46	1.11	86.63	6.20	0.09
Cak?ldak	2009-2010	6.33	0.32	2.19	83.98	6.74	0.08
Cavcava	2009-2010	6.57	0.33	2.59	83.51	6.52	0.08
Fosa	2009-2010	5.65	0.25	2.78	81.80	9.07	0.07
Incekara	2009-2010	5.61	0.32	2.04	82.97	8.61	0.10
Kal?nkara	2009-2010	5.60	0.29	2.53	82.38	8.72	0.10
Kan	2009-2010	6.56	0.34	2.34	84.94	5.36	0.08
Karaf?nd?k	2009-2010	5.52	0.25	2.19	84.52	7.06	0.09	[11]
Kargalak	2009-2010	5.48	0.25	2.06	85.26	6.51	0.08
Kus	2009-2010	6.18	0.37	2.00	83.82	7.18	0.08
Mincane	2009-2010	6.15	0.31	2.28	84.11	6.68	0.08
Palaz	2009-2010	6.35	0.33	2.64	84.11	6.07	0.10
Sivri	2009-2010	5.58	0.26	2.47	83.85	7.35	0.10
Tombul	2009-2010	5.60	0.26	3.00	82.95	7.70	0.10
Uzunmusa	2009-2010	5.75	0.29	2.09	81.03	10.35	0.09
Yass?badem	2009-2010	5.24	0.26	2.09	82.68	9.22	0.10
Yuvarlakbadem	2009-2010	5.35	0.24	2.13	82.53	9.24	0.10
Badem	2009	4.52	0.21	0.51	84.51	10.09
Ham	2009	5.70	0.22	0.73	85.47	7.63
Kan	2009	4.71	0.21	0.69	84.27	9.98
Kara	2009	4.71	0.21	0.68	84.27	9.98		[21]
Palas	2009	5.19	0.18	0.44	87.38	6.65
Sivri	2009	4.75	0.22	0.66	86.53	7.71
Tombul	2009	4.95	0.15	0.59	85.12	9.07
Tombul	2005	4.81	0.18	2.69	82.78	8.85	0.12	[22]
Ac?	2013	5.80		3.19	80.7	9.11
Ac?	2014	5.29		2.61	85.7	5.49
Cak?ldak	2013	4.59		4.61	83.1	6.39
Cak?ldak	2014	6.02		2.59	82.5	7.64
Fosa	2013	5.69		3.12	74.0	15.99
Fosa	2014	5.39		2.44	79.0	11.98
Incekara	2013	5.68		2.50	79.5	11.03		[16]
Incekara	2014	5.06		2.15	79.4	12.07
Kal?nkara	2013	5.34		2.16	76.7	14.39
Kal?nkara	2014	5.20		1.65	75.9	15.97
Kan	2013	6.29		2.98	80.7	8.81
Kan	2014	5.71		2.67	83.3	7.23
Kargalak	2013	5.88		2.79	83.5	6.76
Kargalak	2014	5.79		3.08	82.3	7.81
Kus	2013	5.52		2.38	80.2	10.47
Kus	2014	5.73		2.32	78.7	11.95
Palaz	2013	6.54		3.08	81.8	7.28
Palaz	2014	6.12		3.05	82.4	7.32
Sivri	2013	6.03		2.79	79.7	10.18
Sivri	2014	5.43		2.63	82.7	8.01
Tombul	2013	6.13		3.58	79.0	10.11		[16]
Tombul	2014	5.43		2.56	80.5	10.42
Uzun Musa	2013	7.08		3.68	79.1	8.75
Uzun Musa	2014	5.69		1.43	76.3	14.87
Yass? Badem	2013	5.57		2.08	81.5	9.61
Yass? Badem	2014	4.81		1.76	83.4	8.90
Yuvarlak Badem	2013	5.90		3.06	77.7	11.75
Yuvarlak Badem	2014	5.70		2.34	78.8	11.87
Cakildak	1998	6.6		2.8	76.9
Fosa	1998	7.6		2.9	76.9
Mincane	1998	8.0		3.2	77.7			[12]
Palaz	1998	8.3		3.1	75.7
Tombul	1998	7.8		3.8	76.1
Cavcava	2002	5.87	0.22	2.37	78.8	12.7	0.069
Cakildak	2002	4.89	0.32	2.15	80.7	11.9	0.059
Fosa	2002	5.62	0.37	1.70	79.0	13.2	0.074
Incekara	2002	5.67	0.32	1.76	79.5	12.7	0.073
Kal?nkara	2002	5.71	0.42	2.42	79.5	11.9	0.067
Kan	2002	5.72	0.32	2.30	81.8	9.8	0.053
Karaf?nd?k	2002	5.62	0.28	2.37	78.9	12.8	0.058
Kargalak	2002	4.89	0.42	0.86	81.0	12.7	0.067	[23]
Kus	2002	5.69		0.87	79.9	13.5	0.076
Mincane	2002	5.02	0.38	1.90	82.8	9.9	0.029
Palaz	2002	4.87	0.34	2.13	77.6	15.0	0.076
Sivri	2002	4.72	0.42	2.49	79.2	13.2	—
Tombul	2002	5.17	0.48	1.75	77.8	14.8	0.054
Uzunmusa	2002	5.7	0.46	1.41	78.8	13.6	0.069
Yass? Badem	2002	4.87	0.28	1.43	81.1	12.2	0.046
Yuvarlak Badem	2002	5.66	0.36	0.87	74.2	18.7	—
Tombul	2001	4.85	0.16	2.73	82.72	8.89	0.1	[18]
Cak?ldak	2007	6.3		2.1	78.1	11.4	0.1
Tombul 1	2007	6.5		3.8	80.9	7.8	0.1
Tombul 2	2007	6.1		2.7	82.6	6.5	0.1	[24]
Sivri 1	2007	5.7		2.8	76.3	14.0	0.3
Sivri 2	2007	5.8		2.6	80.1	10.4	0.2
Ac?	2005-2006	4.79	0.30	1.84	84.20	8.76	0.07
Cavcava	2005-2006	5.26	0.43	1.99	80.59	11.59	0.14
Cak?ldak	2005-2006	5.14	0.29	2.14	84.23	7.73	0.47
Fosa	2005-2006	4.73	0.34	1.69	83.72	9.43	0.10
Kal?nkara	2005-2006	4.55	0.34	1.66	84.27	9.07	0.10
Karaf?nd?k	2005-2006	4.56	0.33	1.87	85.21	7.89	0.14	[25]
Mincane	2005-2006	4.55	0.24	2.54	84.80	7.72	0.15
Palaz	2005-2006	5.24	0.29	2.12	85.64	6.61	0.10
Sivri	2005-2006	4.99	0.40	1.58	84.69	8.25	0.08
Tombul	2005-2006	4.88	0.43	2.02	83.81	8.74	0.11
Uzunmusa	2005-2006	5.23	0.37	1.82	84.16	8.31	0.11
Yass?badem	2005-2006	4.76	0.49	1.54	81.51	11.57	0.13

表2

表3

图1

表4

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种植地区 growing areas		质量分数/% mass fraction	参考文献 reference
	意大利Italy	47.56-63.73	[8]
	法国France	41.96-61.75	[8]
	希腊Greece	49.20-59.57	[8]
欧洲Europe	西班牙Spain	52.00-76.80	[9]
	葡萄牙Portugal	44.32-68.30	[8, 10]
	斯洛文尼亚Slovenia	48.69-59.20	[8]
	土耳其Turkey	55.12-70.80	[11-12]
亚洲Asia	中国China	45.90-64.97	[13]
南美洲South America	智利Chile	63.5±0.3	[14]
北美洲North America	美国United States	46.4-62.0	[15]

甾醇类型 sterol type	不同文献中的质量分数¹⁾mass fraction in different references/(mg·kg^-1)
甾醇类型 sterol type	[50]	[51]	[52]	[18]
菜油甾醇campesterol	99.2	62.8	73.9	71.5
豆甾醇stigmasterol	16.1	12.4	12.8	8.9
赤桐甾醇clerosterol	18.0	11.2	9.4	—
β-谷甾醇β-sitosterin	1 340.5	1 330.0	1 092.1	1 054.8
Δ⁵-燕麦甾醇Δ⁵-avenosterol	139.3	81.8	40.8	—
Δ⁷-豆甾烯醇Δ⁷-stigmatol	20.2	14.2	11.5	—
Δ⁷-燕麦甾醇Δ⁷-avenosterol	12.2	6.9	9.7	—
菜油甾烷醇campestanol	—	—	3.5	—
Δ⁷-菜油甾醇Δ⁷-campesterol	—	—	2.7	—
二氢谷甾醇sitostanol	—	—	36.4	—
Δ^{5, 24}-豆甾二烯醇Δ^{5, 24}-stigmastadienol	—	—	6.7	—

时间/min time	温度/℃ temperature	POV		K₂₃₂		K₂₇₀
时间/min time	温度/℃ temperature	Delisava	Karaf?nd?k	Delisava	Karaf?nd?k	Delisava	Karaf?nd?k
20	110	1.71	1.67	1.390	1.247	0.178	0.080
20	145	1.92	1.85	1.549	1.408	0.242	0.207
20	180	2.83	8.58	1.592	1.610	0.291	0.301
6	145	1.44	1.36	1.495	1.252	0.225	0.154
20	145	1.92	1.85	1.549	1.408	0.242	0.207
34	145	2.43	2.28	1.582	1.470	0.270	0.280

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榛坚果的油脂含量、脂肪酸组成及榛仁中生物活性成分研究进展

Research Progress on Oil Content, Fatty Acid Composition and Bioactive Components of Hazelnut

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