Table of Content

28 February 2012, Volume 32 Issue 1 Previous Issue    Next Issue

研究报告

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Analysis of the Chemical Constituents by Supercritical CO2 Extraction from Dried Flower of Syringa oblata Lindl. JIAO Shu-qing;ZONG Xi-ming;ZHANG Nan-nan;TAO Yi 2012, 32 (1):  85-88.  Abstract ( 737 )   PDF (1006KB) ( 943 )   Save Dried flowers of Syringa oblata Lindl. were extracted by supercritical CO2 and the extracts were separated in separators Ⅰ(8 MPa,45 ℃) and Ⅱ(5 MPa,35 ℃). The chemical compositions of the extract from the separators Ⅰ and Ⅱ were analysed by GC-MS. 21 Different compounds in the obtained extract from the separatorⅠwere identified and were mainly long-chain alkane (57.14 %) with nonacosane and 2,6,10,14-tetramethyl hexadecane as major compounds. Forty compounds in the extract from the separator Ⅱ were identified and were mainly oxy-compounds with hexadecanoic acid and 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z) as major components, such as alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, acids and esters accounting for 67.5 %. The supercritical CO2 extracts can be separated in certain extent by the two-stage separation. Temperature and pressure are the key factors for the separation results. Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation of Furfural from Sawdust with Steam-explosion Pretreatment YU Xian-chun;WU Ying;YI Xue-jing;GONG Zheng-wu 2012, 32 (1):  99-103.  Abstract ( 791 )   PDF (1386KB) ( 689 )   Save Furfural was made from sawdust by steam explosion pretreatment and acid hydrolysis in present study. The impacts of temperature, steam pressure, reaction time of steam explosion pretreatment and the ratio of liquid-sawdust on the furfural yield were discussed. The pretreatment was optimized by response surface methodology. The results indicated that the steam explosion pretreatment effectively promoted the degradation of sawdust and resulted in the increase of furfural yield. The furfural yield was 79.13% when the sawdust with 3∶1(mL∶g) liquid/solid ratio was treated by steam explosion at 216 ℃ and 1.8 MPa explosion pressure for 6 min. Compared with the sample without steam explosion pretreatment, only 55.35% furfural yield was obtained. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress of Genus Usnea PENG Feng;BIAN Jing;PENG Pai;REN De-zhi;SU Yin-quan;SUN Run-cang; 2012, 32 (1):  111-118.  Abstract ( 648 )   PDF (1225KB) ( 946 )   Save The research progress of genus Usnea (Usneaceae) in biological characteristics, chemical components and bioactivity were reviewed. Its main chemical constituents were lichen acids and lichen polysaccharides. Lichen acids have strong functions of anisepsis, radioresistance, antioxidation, antivirus, etc. Lichen polysaccharides have strong functions of immunity improvement, antioxidation, antitumour, antivirus, etc. Related Articles | Metrics

研究报告

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Influence of Extraction Techniques on Composition of the Extracts from Aril of Torreya grandis ‘Merrilli’ GU Yan;ZHAO Zhen-dong;LI Dong-mei;BI Liang-wu;WANG Jing 2012, 32 (1):  8-14.  Abstract ( 836 )   PDF (1164KB) ( 711 )   Save The extraction yield, characteristics, component and contents of the extracts obtained separately through steam distillation, solvent extraction and two-step extraction from fresh or dried aril of Torreya grandis were studied. The yield of the extracts from fresh aril of Torreya grandis was higher than that from dried aril of Torreya grandis. The total yield of the extracts obtained by two-step extraction was higher than that obtained by other two methods. The results of GC and GC-MS analyses indicated that: by steam distillation, the extracts from fresh aril of Torreya grandis, the yield of which was 5.54 %, mainly contain monoterpenoids, while that from dried aril of Torreya grandis, and the yield of which was 1.98 %, were composed of sesquiterpenoids. The yield of the extracts obtained by solvent extraction from fresh Torreya grandis (when toluene was used, it was 21.84 %, while hexane was 16.01 %) was higher than that obtained through steam distillation, and most components of the extracts were diterpenoids. The extracts from two-step extraction of fresh Torreya grandis consisted of two parts, i.e. essential oil, which was the same as that from steam distillation, and extracts, which were close to those obtained from solvent extraction, except the contents of some components. The two-step extraction method may be favorable for effective separation and valuable utilization for both essential oil and extracts. Related Articles | Metrics

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Synthesis, Characterization of Dehydroabietyl-rare Earth Complexes and Its Interaction with DNA FEI Bao-li;LI Wen;YAN Qing-ling;LONG Jian-ying;XIA Bing;CHEN Jin-hui 2012, 32 (1):  1-7.  Abstract ( 909 )   PDF (1281KB) ( 900 )   Save Dehydroabietylamine sodium salicylaldehyde-5-sulphonate Schiff base and its Sm3+,Eu3+ rare earth complexes were synthesized. They were characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductivity and IR. The interaction of the complexes with salmon sperm DNA were investigated by UV spectra, viscosity analysis and fluorescence spectra, respectively. The experimental results show that the complexes bind to DNA by both partial intercalation and groove interaction. Related Articles | Metrics

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Cutting Characteristic of Wood Biomass and Its Pulverizing Mechanism Analysis WENG Xing-xing;GAI Guo-sheng;WU Cheng-bao;YANG Yu-fen;HU Xiao-fang 2012, 32 (1):  19-24.  Abstract ( 689 )   PDF (1487KB) ( 636 )   Save To investigate the cutting characteristic and pulverizing mechanism of wood biomass, pulverization of wood biomass with different moisture content at different feed rate has been studied in this paper. The operation parameters such as product size, density, uniformity coefficient, aspect ratio, morphology and specific energy consumption were determined in order to discuss the pulverizing mechanism. The results showed that with the increasing of feed rate from 26.17 kg/h to 49.85 kg/h, the average particle size were also increased from 716.84 μm to 803.73 μm. The aspect ratio and energy consumption were reduced first, then increased later. On the other hand, with the increase of moisture content, it was found that the maximum capacity decreased steadily to 19.57 kg/h while the particle size, aspect ratio and specific energy consumption gradually increased. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Rheological Properties of a Gemini Surfactant with Oleyl Chains SONG Bing-lei;SHANG Shi-bin;SONG Zhan-qian 2012, 32 (1):  25-28.  Abstract ( 720 )   PDF (1170KB) ( 621 )   Save Taking the natural product oleic acid as the main material,the Gemini surfactant with a short spacer and oleyl chains was synthesized and its rheological property was explored. Wormlike micelles can be formed without addition of salt. The solution showed obvious visco-elastic properties. The zero-shear viscosity was firstly increased and then decreased with the increase of concentration. Because of the transformation of micellar structures, a maximum value of 8 022.7 mPa·s was reached at about 50 mmol/L. Related Articles | Metrics

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Adsorption of Copper Ions by Sodium Lignosulfonate-chitosan Polyelectrolyte Complex WANG Chun-hai;AI Qing;ZHAO Yin-feng;BEI Ying;FANG Gui-zhen 2012, 32 (1):  29-34.  Abstract ( 912 )   PDF (1315KB) ( 1040 )   Save According to the theory of static action, sodium lignosulfonate-chitosan (SLS-CS) polyelectrolyte complex was prepared from alkaline lignin and chitosan. The structure of sodium lignosulfonate-chitosan (SLS-CS) polyelectrolyte was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and X-ray powder diffraction(XRD). The adsorption property for copperions by sodium lignosulfonate-chitosan polyelectrolyte was also evaluated. The results indicated that NH3+ was formed by the protonated amino groups of chitosan which formed sodium lignosulfonate-chitosan (SLS-CS) polyelectrolyte complex by reacting with —SO3Na of sodium lignosulfonate through electrostatic adsorption. Compared with the sodium lignosulfonate and chitosan, the amorphous peak of chifosan tends to decrease, the arrangement of sodium lignosulfonate-chitosan (SLS-CS) polymer appears more ordered, intermolecular force is enhanced, the adsorption equilibrium time for copper ions is about 5 h, and the saturated adsorption capacity is 12.5 mg/g. The adsorption isotherm curve fits well with Freundich equation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Combustion Kinetics Analysis of Fuel Oil Derived from Biomass Liquefaction with 1-Octanol WANG Yong;ZOU Xian-wu;QIN Te-fu 2012, 32 (1):  35-38.  Abstract ( 675 )   PDF (1104KB) ( 697 )   Save The project investigated the combustion process of different heavy oils derived from Pinus massoniana wood, eucalyptus wood and wheat straw, and their kinetics characteristics using thermogravimetric analyzer. The result showed that the combustion process of all that the three heavy oils can be divided into three stages:1) room temperature to 300 ℃, mainly the evaporation of small molecular fraction; 2) 300-480 ℃, mainly the evaporation and combustion of volatile fraction; 3) above 480 ℃, the combustion of fixed carbon. The kinetics analysis indicated that the combustion process can be described as three consecutive first-order reactions. A quite good fitting of experimental data was obtained for all samples studied. In the stage of the evaporation and combustion of volatile fraction(300-480 ℃), the activation energy and ignition temperature of heavy oil derived from wheat straw were the lowest. Moreover the corresponding weight-loss rate of 0.188%/min was faster than other two kinds of heavy oils. Thus, heavy oil derived from wheat straw was the most flammable. Related Articles | Metrics

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Synthesis and Structural Analysis of Hydronopol and Its Halides ZHAO Ling-hua;XIAO Zhuan-quan;CHEN Jin-zhu;WANG Zong-de;FAN Guo-rong;CHEN Shang-xing 2012, 32 (1):  39-42.  Abstract ( 978 )   PDF (1029KB) ( 1735 )   Save Hydronopol was prepared by the hydrogenation of nopol, which was synthesized from β-pinene and paraformaldehyde in the presence of Raney Ni. Hydronopyl chloride and hydronopyl bromide were synthesized from hydronopol with thionyl chloride, sodium bromide and sulfuric acid, respectively. Hydronopyl iodide was synthesized from hydronopyl chloride and sodium iodide. Identification and structural analysis were done using IR,1HNMR,13CNMR and MS methods . Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on Wheat Straw Alkaline Sulfite Pulping Biorefinery (I) ——Characteristics of Extended Delignification and Lignin Sulfonation ZHANG Lin;ZHAI Hua-min 2012, 32 (1):  43-47.  Abstract ( 672 )   PDF (1412KB) ( 812 )   Save The biorefinery concept of non-wood lignocellulosic fiber biomass alkaline sulfite pulping (ASP) was proposed in this study. The influences of total alkali charge, sulfurous acid degree, cooking temperature and time on the characteristics of wheat straw extended delignification and lignin sulfonation were investigated. The results indicated that ASP has a high selectivity on extended delignification for wheat straw, and the degree of lignin sulfonation increased with the extending of delignification. The total alkaline charge, sulfurous acid degree, maximum cooking temperature and time at maximum temperature have significant impacts on both extended delignification selectivity and lignin sulfonation degree. A good extended delignification pulp with yield 56.8%, Kappa number 8.8, and viscosity 33.3 mPa·s was obtained under the cooking conditions of the total alkali charge 18.0%, the sulfurous acid degree 85.0%, liquor ratio 3.5, maximum cooking temperature 168 ℃ and 150 minutes at 168 ℃. Meanwhile the lignin sulfonation group content in the black liquor was up to 2.16 mmol/g. Based on the extended delignification selectivity, the lignin sulfonation and the basic pulp properties, ASP has good perspective for wheat straw pulping biorefinery. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of Acid Phonochemistry in Removing Silicate Scale on Disk Disperser YANG Hong;GE Jie;ZHANG Hui;WANG Shu-mei 2012, 32 (1):  48-54.  Abstract ( 772 )   PDF (1597KB) ( 699 )   Save On the basis of traditional method of acidic cleaning, ultrasound, was jointly used to remove the silicate sacle on the disk disperser in this study. The feasibility and optimized technical parameters were also investigated. The results indicated that the self-made mixed corrosion inhibitor showed better performances than traditional corrosion inhibitor-urotropine. In contrast to the 19.70%-32.94% removal rate of silicate scale without ultrasound, 84.38% silicate scale was removed in the presence of ultrasound. For the silicate scale of 3 mm thickness, the scales were effectively dissolved when 8%-10% acid and 200-300 W ultrasound were applied at 40-50℃ and cleaning fluid was 100 mL in the beaker of 150 mL. The acid phonochemical method is an effective method to remove the silicate scales on the disk disperser. Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation and Photocatalysis Performance of Pt, N Co-doped Bamboo Activated Carbon Supported by TiO2 CUI Dan-dan;JIANG Jian-chun;SUN Kang;LU Xin-cheng 2012, 32 (1):  55-60.  Abstract ( 647 )   PDF (1328KB) ( 693 )   Save After loading of TiO2 on bamboo activated carbon (BAC) through sol-gel method, elements of Pt and N were doped on the composite to produce Pt/N/TiO2/BAC. N2 adsorption, XRD, FT-IR and XPS analysis have been used to characterize these samples. Analysis results showed that doping method can reduce the BET surface area and the pore volume; Pt, N co-doping can not change the crystal type, but it is helpful for the scattering of TiO2 particles on BAC surface; N doping inhibited anatase changing to tutile, but lessened agglomeration; N entered into the TiO2 lattice, Pt made more active sites and there were oxygen vacancies on the catalyst surface. The photocatalytic degradation of formaldehyde aqueous solution, using TiO2/BAC, Pt/TiO2/BAC, N/TiO2/BAC and Pt/N/TiO2/BAC respectively, under UV lamp and xenon lamp was also investigated. The results showed that co-doping of Pt and N not only widened the light absorption width but also enhanced photocatalytic activity. The fomaldehyde degradation rae by Pt/N/TiO2/BAC and 2.6 times of that by TiO2/BAC under similar conditions Pt/N/TiO2/BAC had good property of separation. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Pressurized Hydrogen Peroxide Bleaching of Akaline-oxygen Pulps of Wheat Straw at Low Temperature CHEN Shuang-shuang;YANG Xu;CAO Yun-feng;YANG Yang;LIU Zhu-lan 2012, 32 (1):  61-64.  Abstract ( 710 )   PDF (1064KB) ( 693 )   Save Wheat straw was cooked at low temperature (85 ℃) by alkaline-oxygen method, and the pulp was then bleached by hydrogen perxoide under pressure and low temperature (80 ℃). We got the pulp with 86.6 %-89.5 % yield after bleaching, and the pulp brightness was significantly risen to 45.6 % from 60.6 %. The Kappa number of bleached pulp dropped from 17.9 to 9.4-11.9, and interestingly, the pulp viscosity slightly increased from 1 042 mL/g to 1 158-1 192 mL/g,which is different from the traditional bleaching. The brightness has certain linear relationship with Kappa number:brightness increment=Kappa number decrement×1.57;meanuhile there is a standard linear relationship between yield decrement and Kappa number decrement:yield decrement=Kappa number decrement×0.19. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on Theasaponin of Camellia Oleiferal Abel. by Membrane Separation Combined with Macroporous Resin Adsorption ZHOU Hao;WANG Cheng-zhang;CHEN Hong-xia;YE Jian-zhong; 2012, 32 (1):  65-70.  Abstract ( 727 )   PDF (1157KB) ( 842 )   Save Theasaponin was purified from oil-tea-cake extract by the technique of ceramic membrane separation combined with macroporous resin adsorption. The conditions such as membrane flux, saponins transfer rate and impurity removal rate in ceramic membrane separation step were optimized. Then the conditions such as yield and purity of theasaponin in macroporous resin adsorption step were optimized. The results showed that the best purification process was as follows:making oil-tea-cake extract to get through ceramic membrane,pore size is 0.05 μm,operating pressure is 0.15 MPa, solution concentration is 1 %;then the extracts were adsorbed by AB-8 macroporous resin and eluted successively by water, 0.2 % NaOH to weak color, water to neutral and 60 % ethanol to obtain saponin fraction, the content of total saponin is over 95 %. The theasaponins got by the technique of ceramic membrane separation combined with macroporous resin adsorption have high purity and light color. This technique with low production cost and less pollution can be used in producing theasaponins industrially. Related Articles | Metrics

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Synthesis and Characterization of Epoxides from Bornylene YANG Xiao-qin;ZENG Tao;DU Li-juan;ZHU Jie;ZHU Xiang 2012, 32 (1):  71-74.  Abstract ( 765 )   PDF (1027KB) ( 664 )   Save Epoxide from bornylene was synthesized by epoxidation of bornylene with m-CPBA. The results showed that the optimum reaction conditions are as follows: n(bornylene)∶n(m-CPBA)1∶3, reaction temperature 20 ℃, reaction time 2.0 h. The yield, purity and m.p. of the epoxides are 53%, 91.03 % and 71.2-72.4 ℃, respectively. On the other hand, the structure of epoxy bornylene was characterized by 1HNMR, 13CNMR, FT-IR and GC/MS, and the mechanism of bornylene epoxidation reaction was also discussed. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Processing Methods on the Content of Several Active Ingredients in Barks and Leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. LV Qiang;PENG Mi-jun;LAN Wen-ju;PENG Sheng;ZHANG Chang-wei;ZHANG Lin-jie 2012, 32 (1):  75-79.  Abstract ( 771 )   PDF (1307KB) ( 985 )   Save Barks and leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. were processed by different methods. Effect of different processing methods on the content of several active ingredients was investigated in this paper. The contents of chlorogenic acid, total flavonoid and aucubin in leaves after treatment by microwave deactivation were 2.129%, 7.005% and 4.420% respectively. They were 5.14, 1.52 and 17.06 times respectively as much as those by sun drying. The contents of geniposidic acid and aucubin in barks were 5.393% and 4.242% respectively which were 1.09 and 1.78 times respectively as much as those by sun drying. Results showed that the method,i.e. 50℃ stoving after processed by microwave deactivation, could effectively reduce the loss of active ingredients. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Diatomite on DCS in White Water during the Process of Waste Paper Recycling JU Lin JU Lin;ZHANG Jian;SUN Guang-wei;LIU Bing-yue;BU Yang 2012, 32 (1):  80-84.  Abstract ( 610 )   PDF (1031KB) ( 737 )   Save With the increasing of waste paper recycling degree in papermaking industry, more attention was paid on how to solve resin trouble and stickies trouble effectively in the process of second fiber utilization industry. Diatomite was selected to be used as resin adsorbent in waste paper system. The effect of diato-mite on dissolved and colloidal substances (DCS) accumulation in white-water, pulp drainage and paper performance was investigated. The improvement of diatomite on resin trouble was analyzed as well. Results showed that the addition of diatomite as resin adsorbent can relieve DCS accumulation and resin trouble effectively in waste paper recycling process. Under the help of diatomite, the drainage time was reduced about 25.8 % and the effect of retention and drainage was improved greatly. As for the paper sheet property, the ash and brightness were increased 9.13 % and 5.30 % respectively. The break length and sizing degree were reduced 14.43 % and 18 % respectively, but it can still meet the requirement of customers. Related Articles | Metrics

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Scale-up of Pyrolysis Experiment of Soybean Oils for the Production of Biofuels XU Jun-ming;;XIAO Guo-min;ZHOU Yong-hong;JIANG Jian-chun; 2012, 32 (1):  15-18.  Abstract ( 626 )   PDF (1312KB) ( 817 )   Save Pyrolysis of soybean oils for the production of biofuels has been studied in a 60 L scale-up reactor. Under the reaction conditions of 450 ℃, reaction time 2 h and catalyst amount of 1.5 %, the yield of pyrolytic oil is up to 71.5 % with the acid number of 67 mg/g. The pyrolytic products were characterized by FT-IR and GC-MS. The results showed that it mainly consisted of alkane, alkene, alkone and carboxylic acids with the molecular distribution between C14-C22. Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation of Activated Carbon from Cotton Stalk Using Potassium Hydroxide as Activation Agent JIAO Qi-shuai;HU Yong-qi;CHEN Rui-zhen;HAO Hong-qiang;PANG Xiu 2012, 32 (1):  89-92.  Abstract ( 833 )   PDF (1039KB) ( 1089 )   Save Activated carbon was prepared from cotton stalk by chemical activation with potassium hydroxide under different operation conditions. The influences of operation parameters on the properties of activated carbon were discussed. The experiment results showed that the optimum conditions were as followed: pyrogenation temperature of 450-500 ℃, alkali/charcoal ratio of 1.0, activation temperature of 800 ℃, and the activation time of 120 minutes. The properties of the activated carbon prepared under the optimum conditions were as follows:relative surface area of 2 312 m2/g, iodine adsorption capability of 1 936 mg/g, and methylene blue adsorption capability of 392 mg/g. Pore distribution of this activated carbon product is micro-pores. Chemical groups such as —OH and —H were also characterized on the surface of AC by FT-IR. Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment of Cyperus rotundus Tubers Fingerprints by Magic Chemisorber-thermal Desorption-GC/MS Method WU Xiao-wen;ZHANG Jun-mei;PAN Zai-fa;WANG Li-li 2012, 32 (1):  93-98.  Abstract ( 782 )   PDF (1594KB) ( 884 )   Save A novel solid-phase extraction element i.e. magic-chemisorber(MC)combined with thermal desorption (TD)-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry(GC/MS)was applied for the analysis of volatile component in Cyperus rotundus tubers from different growing areas. Conditions of the MC extraction and TD etc. were optimized. The obtained fingerprints of 12 samples were based on the relative peak areas of 44 peaks in each GC profiles, and RSDs of the relative peak areas were less than 8.6 %. The results showed that it was a simple, rapid, and effective method for the quality control of Cyperus rotundus tubers. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress in Bioactivity and Synthesis of β-caryophyllene and Its Derivatives LIU Xiao-yu;CHEN Xu-bing;CHEN Guang-yong 2012, 32 (1):  104-110.  Abstract ( 1016 )   PDF (1235KB) ( 1528 )   Save The activities and synthesis of β-caryophyllene and its derivatives are summarized by reviewing the related literatures. In activities, β-caryophyllene has been used in cosmetic and food as a fragrance material. The pharmacological studies show that β-caryophyllene has the local anesthetic effect, and the effects of anti-inflammatory, repelling insects and treating general anxiety neurosis and depression. The β-caryophyllene alcohol is also applied in preparing medicament for codein and eliminating phlegm.Caryophyllene oxide has the effects of analgesic and anti-inflammatory, antifungal activities, cytotoxicity,etc. This paper also gives a brief introduction of the synthesis methods of β-caryophyllene and some of its derivatives. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress of Resource Distribution of Bioactive Compound Ursolic Acid TAO Yuan-bo;XING Ya-li;FANG Zhi-juan;BI Liang-wu;ZHAO Zhen-dong 2012, 32 (1):  119-126.  Abstract ( 830 )   PDF (1060KB) ( 1115 )   Save The general survey, species distribution and distribution differences of ursolic acid plant resources were reviewed. Ursolic acid was widely distributed in plants, richly in Greek sage, oleander, rosemary, Spanish sage, periwinkle, Nepeta faassenii Berg., Ocimum tenuiflorum, spike lavender, thyme, winter savory, broadleaf holly leaf, loquat, horny holly, spreading hedyotis and cherry laurel. Their ursolic acid contents were 74.50, 43.00, 41.00, 40.20, 37.00, 29.20, 20.20, 19.00, 18.80, 17.70, 16.00, 12.30, 10.60, 10.07 and 10.00 mg/g respectively. Ursolic acid was mainly present in tea trees, fruit trees, medicinal plants, spice plants and other plants such as paulownia. The distribution of ursolic acid also had breed difference, plant parts difference, region difference, season difference, growth condition difference, etc. The full understanding of ursolic acid plant resource distribution would provide material basis for sustainable research and development, high-valued and scaled-up use of bioactive compound ursolic acid. Related Articles | Metrics