Table of Content

30 June 2013, Volume 33 Issue 3 Previous Issue    Next Issue

1研究报告

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Synthesis and Terminal Modification of Rosin Based Hyperbranched Polyester SUN Li-ting;CHEN Yu-xiang;XU Jian;ZHAO Zhen-dong;BI Liang-wu;LU Yan-ju;LI Dong-mei; 2013, 33 (3):  1-6.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2013.03.001 Abstract ( 742 )   PDF (1455KB) ( 757 )   Save Maleopimaric acid (MPA) was synthesized from Pinus massoniana Lamb rosin and maleic anhydride. A hyperbranched polyester (RHBPE) was synthesized based on one-pot esterification between maleopimaric acid and glycidol. The RHBPE was characterized by FT-IR, GPC and 1HNMR. FT-IR analysis indicated that MPA reacted completely with glycidol, and RHBPE contained large number of ester and hydroxyl groups. GPC analysis indicated that the largest molecular weight of RHBPE is 5 170, number average molecular weight Mn is 2 547, and weight average molecular weight Mw is 2 670. DB was determined as 0.54 by 1HNMR proton integrating process. Dissolution experiment and TG analysis indicated that RHBPE had good solubility and thermal stability. RHBPE was modified with acryloyl chloride to give a modified rosin-based hyperbranched polymers (VRHBP) which contained terminal vinyl group. FT-IR and 1HNMR spectra indicated that the terminal hydroxyl groups of RHBPE have been partially changed into terminal vinyl groups, i.e. 75% of modification degree of RHBPE. Related Articles | Metrics

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Synthesis and Surface Active Properties of Rosin-based Carbamate Group-containing Quaternary Ammonium Salt Derivatives LIU Gui-feng;CHEN Cai-feng;WU Guo-min;KONG Zhen-wu; 2013, 33 (3):  7-12.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2013.03.002 Abstract ( 740 )   PDF (1414KB) ( 683 )   Save A novel rosin-based carbamate (R-Ca) was prepared by the reaction of N,N-dimethylaminopropylamine with rosin-based cyclic carbonate (R-C) which was prepared by treatment of carbon dioxide with rosin-based epoxides (R-E), using LiBr in conjunction with ethylene glycol as catalyst. Three rosin-based quaternary ammonium salt derivatives (R-Q) were synthesized from the carbamate via quaterisation reaction. The chemical structures of all new compounds were characterized by FT-IR,1HNMR and 13CNMR. Surface tension, emulsifying ability and the foaming power of the quaternary ammonium salt derivatives were investigated and the critical micelle concentrations (CMC) were determined. The results showed that three quaternary ammonium salt derivatives with strong emulsifying ability and foaming ability; the CMC of the quaternary ammonium salt derivatives' aqueous solutions were 1.86×10-5, 1.29×10-5 and 4.07×10-6 mol/L, respectively; the surface tensions at CMC were 33.5, 32.2 and 29.4 mN/m, respectively; and the surface activities increased with the growth of alkyl chain. Related Articles | Metrics

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Synthesis and Surface Properties of New Type Cashew Quaternary Ammonium Salt Surfactant SHEN Guo-peng;LIU Jiu-zhu;WU Ming-jian;HUANG Qiang 2013, 33 (3):  13-16.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2013.03.003 Abstract ( 719 )   PDF (1156KB) ( 645 )   Save A new type of cardanol based quaternary ammonium salt surfactant, i.e. 3-cardanol-oxy-2-hydroxy) propyl-N, N, N-trimethyl ammonium chloride as raw materials, was synthesized with a yield of about 72% by using cashew phenol and glycidyl trimethyl ammonium chloride(GTA) which was a kind of active intermediate. The aimed product’s superficial characteristics was identified with high performance liquid chromatography, infrared spectroscopy and high resolution mass spectrometry. The cationic group was found in the product through bromophenol blue inspection. It showed good foaming capacity and foam stability through foam performance measurement. The surface activities of the product were preliminarily measured. The results showed that the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the products was 6.38 mmol/L, surface tension at CMC (γCMC) was 38.86 mN/m. The new products shows excellent emulsifying ability. Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation and Characterization of a Novel Microcapsule from Silica Encapsulating Maleopimaric Acid Glycidyl Ester Type Epoxy Resin by Sol-gel Process LIN Guang-yuan LIN Guang-yuan;WU Guo-min;KONG Zhen-wu 2013, 33 (3):  17-23.  Abstract ( 499 )   PDF (1492KB) ( 691 )   Save A novel microcapsule was prepared from silica encapsulating maleopimaric acid glycidyl ester type epoxy resin (MPTGE) by sol-gel process in a surfactant stabilized O/W emulsion. In these microcapsules system, MPTGE was used as the core material, and SiO2 acted as the shell material that was formed via hydrolysis and subsequent polycondensation of tetraethyl silicate (TEOS) in the presence of hydrochloric acid (HCl) as catalyst. The morphology, chemical structure, particle size and thermal stability, core material content of microcapsules were characterized by scanning electronic microscope (SEM), transmission electronic microscope (TEM), optical microscope (OM), Fourier transformation infrared spectroscope (FT-IR), zeta size analyzer and thermo gravimetric analyzer (TG), respectively. FT-IR analysis confirmed that the silica shell material was successfully fabricated onto the surface of the MPTGE core. Zeta images suggested that these microcapsules presented a very small size and the mean diameter was 8.4 μm. SEM and OM photographs showed that the microcapsules exhibited a spherical morphology with a well-defined core-shell microstructure and the surfaces of microcapsules were very smooth and compact. The TG curves illustrated that these microcapsules presented good thermal stability, and the core material content was about 58% by weight. All these results demonstrated that the microcapsules from silica encapsulating MPTGE were successfully prepared. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Frozen Pretreatment on Properties of Nano-cellulose/Polyvinyl Alcohol Membrane WU Peng;LIU Zhi-ming;ZHAO Xu;XIE Cheng;FANG Gui-zhen 2013, 33 (3):  24-30.  Abstract ( 682 )   PDF (3565KB) ( 898 )   Save The nano-cellulose (NCC) with cellulose Ⅱ type was prepared by sulfuric acid hydrolysis after alkali pretreatment. NCC/polyvinylalcohol(PVA) membrane of different mass fraction of NCC was prepared through solution blending and frozen pretreatment, respectively. Membrane morphology,dispersion of NCC, transmittance, tensile strength, elongation at break and thermal properties were characterized by fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), environmental scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV-Vis spectrophotometer (UV), thermo-gravimetric(TG)analyzer, respectively. The results indicated that addition of 0.5% NCC showed reinforcement effect on tensile strength of the NCC/PVA membrane, and the tensile strength of NCC/PVA membrane increased 15% in contrast to the pure PVA membrane (control sample). Furthermore, there was no negative impact on the transmittance of the NCC/PVA membrane due to the good dispersion ability of NCC in PVA sustance. The dispersibility of NCC in PVA membrane was better after frozen pretreatment, and the tensile strength of NCC/PVA membrane increased by 16% than that of control sample when 0.5% NCC was added. A slightly increase of transmittance was observed, as well. Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation of Plant Lignocelluloses’ Nano Particles by Dissolution and Regeneration DMSO/LiCl System ZHANG Lei;YE Dai-yong 2013, 33 (3):  31-37.  Abstract ( 678 )   PDF (2656KB) ( 637 )   Save Micro-nano particles of plant lignocelluloses were prepared and characterized in present study. The poplar wood were milled to be powders and then dissolved in DMSO/LiCl. The dissolved powders were regenerated to be stable suspensions in the water and dried to be micro-nano particles with spray drying under mild conditions. The factors affecting the preparation processes were investigated and optimized. The results showed that the dissolution ratio reached to maximum 55.6% when the temperature was 70℃, the solid and liquid mass ratio was 3:100, the mass ratio of LiCl in DMSO was 8%. The suspension particle size reached the minimum 85 nm when the rotational speed of the high speed dispersion machine was 2 000 r/min, the mass ratio of CMC-Na and wood was 1%. The raw materials and products were characterized by FT-IR, Malvern Zetasizer instrument, SEM, TEM and TG, respectively. It was revealed that micro-nano particles of the plant fiber made by this method possessed a higher specific surface area and they could be used as new fine chemical nano-materials. Related Articles | Metrics

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Screening of Sterol Esterase-producing Strain Chryseobacterium sp. and Its Emzymatic Properties ZENG Cheng;FAN Yuan-xin;DING Shao-jun 2013, 33 (3):  43-49.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2013.03.008 Abstract ( 640 )   PDF (2223KB) ( 643 )   Save Twenty four strains for production of sterol esterase were screened from soil by using a plate assay in a medium containing sterol ester as a substrate and rhodamine B as the fluorescent. Among these strains, the jxpLT, which was found to produce the highest level of sterol esterase, belongs to genus Chryseobacterium based on 16S rDNA sequencing analysis and then was designated as Chryseobacterium sp. jxpLT. The maximum enzyme activity of this strain was 0.194 IU/mL after 18 h incubation under the optimized culture conditions. The sterol esterase was preliminary purified by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow column and its enzymatic properties were investigated. This enzyme showed an optimum activity at pH 7.5 and 40℃. The enzyme had a good stability below 45℃ and the pH in 5.0-9.0. Chryseobacterium sp. jxpLT sterol esterase can hydrolyze cholesterol esters and PNP esters of different fatty acids. It may have the potential to solve the pitch problems caused by lipophilic extractives during wood mechanical pulping process. Related Articles | Metrics

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Synthesis and Properties of Waterborne Polyurethane Modified by Maleopimaric Acid LIU He;XU Xu;SHANG Shi-bin; 2013, 33 (3):  38-42.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2013.03.007 Abstract ( 609 )   PDF (1559KB) ( 629 )   Save Waterborne polyurethanes modified by maleopimaric acid (MWPU) were prepared from maleopimaric acid polyester polyols (MAPP) and toluene diisocyanate by acetone method. The effects of NCO/OH value (R value), DMPA amount and MAPP amount on the properties of MWPU emulsions and MWPU films were studied respectively. The properties of the products, such as tensile strength, pendulum hardness, elongation at break, water resistance and heat resistance, were characterized. The comprehensive properties of MWPU were tensile strength 23.2 MPa, pendulum hardness 0.7, elongation at break 569%, water absorption 14.2% and 5% weight loss at 258℃ on condition of DMPA mass fraction 5%, R value 1.3, and the amount of MAPP 30%. Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation of Phosphoric Acid Activated Carbon from Bamboo by Mechanochemical Process CHEN Cui-xia CHEN Cui-xia;HUANG Jin-feng;WU Geng-feng;LIN Guan-feng;LU Ze-xiang;CHEN Yan-dan;CHEN Xue-rong;HUANG Biao 2013, 33 (3):  50-54.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2013.03.009 Abstract ( 704 )   PDF (852KB) ( 603 )   Save Activated carbon was prepared from bamboo by mechanochemical process with phosphoric acid as activating agent. The effects of milling time on the adsorption property and porous structure of the obtained activated carbon were discussed. The results showed that phosphoric acid activation assisted by mechanochemical process can slightly improve the adsorption performance of the prepared activated carbon. The iodine, methylene blue adsorption value and the specific surface area of the prepared activated carbons increased from 840.16 mg/g, 168 mg/g and 1229.246 m2/g to 947.51 mg/g, 195 mg/g, and 1265.373 m2/g, respectively. Compared with conventional phosphoric acid activation, the activated carbon produced by mechanochemical process has greater adsorption capacity. Related Articles | Metrics

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Thermogravimetric and Kinetics Analysis of Chinese White Poplar Black Liquor LI Xin-ru;HE Liang;LI Rui;ZHAO Qiang 2013, 33 (3):  55-58.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2013.03.010 Abstract ( 633 )   PDF (1150KB) ( 575 )   Save The pyrolysis kinetics of Chinese white poplar black liquor was studied via thermogravimetric analysis in present study. The results indicated that the pyrolysis of black liquor was a 4-stage process. The peak temperature of DTG and the solid content increased with the rise of heating rates, while the number of side peaks declined. The analyzed pyrolysis kinetics of by Zsokó method is a complicated model, of which the reaction of the first and third stages was 1st order, the second stage and the last stage were in accordance with the 4th and 2nd reaction order. During the two main stages of the pryolysis process at 150-450℃ and 450-650℃, the lowest activation energies were observed at the heating rate of 40℃/min. They represented 87.380 and 99.294 kJ/mol respectively. The activation energy between 150℃ and 450℃ stage decreased, while it increased during the following stage with the rising heating rates. Related Articles | Metrics

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Synthesis and Characterization of the Hyperbranched Polymer Strengthening Agent LIU Jun-hai;WANG Jun-hong;LI Zhi-zhou 2013, 33 (3):  91-94.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2013.03.017 Abstract ( 612 )   PDF (1002KB) ( 688 )   Save The hyperbranched unsaturated polymer monomer was synthesized using maleic anhydride and diethanolamine as starting materials. This monomer was then polymerized with acrylic acid and diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, by using ammonium persulfate as initiators to produce a paper strengthening agent. It was found that the polymerization performing at the molar ratio of 2:1:1 of the hyperbranched unsaturated polymer monomer, acrylic acid and diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, 3% weight content of ammonium persulfate, temperature ranging from 80-85℃, and reaction time for 3 h, can achieve 98.6% monomer conversion. The polymer had relative molecular mass of 51 300. Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Fir Sawdust with Zinc Chloride LU Xin-cheng;JIANG Jian-chun;SUN Kang;XIE Xin-ping 2013, 33 (3):  59-63.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2013.03.011 Abstract ( 631 )   PDF (1771KB) ( 756 )   Save According to orthogonal test method, the activated carbon was prepared from fir sawdust by zinc chloride activation. The influence of concentration of zinc chloride, impregnation ratio, activation temperature and activation time on the methylene blue adsorption value (QMB) and iodine adsorption value (QI2) of the samples were analyzed. The results showed that the key factor that affects the activated carbon product is activation temperature. The optimum preparation conditions of activated carbon from fir sawdust were the concentration of ZnCl2 55%, impregnation ration 1:1, activation temperature 550℃ and activation time 70 min. Under these operation conditions, the activated carbon was prepared with specific surface area of 1 956.71 m2/g, total pore volume of 1.096 cm3/g, average pore diameter of 2.42 nm, QMB of 240 mg/g and QI2 of 1 311.04 mg/g. Related Articles | Metrics

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Studies on the Packed-bed Reactor of Immobilized β-Glucosidase WEI Ce;;LU Qing-shan;YONG Qiang;YU Shi-yuan; 2013, 33 (3):  64-68.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2013.03.012 Abstract ( 652 )   PDF (1346KB) ( 615 )   Save The β-glucosidase was immobilized on the carrier of porous ceramic balls with glutaraldehyde by crosslinking reaction. The solution composed by a certain concentration of cellubiose and glucose was continuously treated by immobilized β-glucosidase loaded on a packed bed reactor. The operation condition and stability of this immobilized enzyme during enzymatic hydrolysis were investigated. The results indicated that the optimum operation pH value and temperature were 4.8 and 60℃, respectively, in the continuous hydrolysis process. Furthermore, the conversion declined and the production efficiency on volume increased with the rise of flow rate. The conversion rate was 91.7% as the substrate flow rate and production efficiency on volume were 5.47 mL/min and 8.98 g/(L·h), respectively. The mixed cellubiose and glucose solution was continuously enzymatic hydrolyzed for 10 days under this stable flow rate at 5.47 mL/min. The conversion rate of cellubiose could be maintained at a constant lever higher than 90%, and the mean conversion rate was 90.7% in present study. Related Articles | Metrics

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Digestion of Woody Activated Carbon by Microwave Energy SHEN Juan-zhang;TAN Wei-hong;WANG Hong-xiao 2013, 33 (3):  69-72.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2013.03.013 Abstract ( 690 )   PDF (955KB) ( 797 )   Save This paper deals with the effect of digestion conditions on pre-treatment of woody activated carbon by microwave digestion method. The results showed that the critical factors on digestion reaction are digestion temperature, digestion time and digestion acid system. Different size of granulate activated carbon can be digested completely under microwave energy with acid system of 8 mL(6 mL HNO3+1 mL H2O2+1 mL HF) at 220℃ for 30 min. It was found that different kinds of woody activated carbons could be digested by higher temperature, expanding digestion time and increasing dosage of acid. Related Articles | Metrics

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Synthesis and Characterization of Acrylate Cellulose MO Ya-li;LIU Juan;CHEN Ri-qing;WANG Chun-peng;BU Hong-zhong 2013, 33 (3):  73-77.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2013.03.014 Abstract ( 822 )   PDF (1807KB) ( 633 )   Save Acrylate cellulose was synthesized by the reaction between avicel and acryloyl chloride. It was characterized with Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), etc. Effects of various experimental factors on the substitution degree (DS) of acrylate cellulose were investigated. The results showed that DS 2.25 can be obtained at the reaction condition of the temperature at 50℃, the time for 4 hours, and the molar ratio of 1:4 between hydroxyl content of avicel and acryloyl chloride. 13C NMR showed that acrylate cellulose could be obtained under the condition of reaction. SEM indicated that acryloyl chloride reacted with avicel and changed the configuration of avicel. XRD results displayed that acrylate cellulose was a completely amorphous structure. Thermal analysis revealed that acrylate cellulose prepared was pure substance rather than a mixture. Related Articles | Metrics

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A Comparative Study on Antioxidant Activities of Proanthocyanidins between Rosa laevigata and Grape Skin CHEN Li-hua;TAN Lin-yan;XIAO Bin;HE Cheng-zhi;ZHU Jian 2013, 33 (3):  78-84.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2013.03.015 Abstract ( 686 )   PDF (2231KB) ( 593 )   Save Proanthocyanidins were extracted and purified from Rosa laevigata and grape skin. The antioxidant activities of purified proanthocyanidins were investigated by testing scavening effects of ·OH, O2-·, NO2- and against the peroxidation of oils. The results showed that at the same proanthocyanidin concentration of 0.5 g/L, the scavenging rate to ·OH,O2-· and NO2- was 98.32%, 95.93%, 96.39% of proanthocyanidins from R. laevigata, and 42.21%, 24.42%, 38.51% of proanthocyanidins from grape skin, respectively. The peroxide value of oil was 0.098 and 0.103 mmol/kg for proanthocyanidins from R. laevigata and grape skin, respectively. The results indicated that purified proanthocyanidins from R. laevigata possessed better antioxidant activity than those from grape skin. Related Articles | Metrics

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Synthesis of Isobornyl Acrylate in the Presence of Amberlyst 15 XU Xiao-wei;;XU Xu;;WANG Shi-fa;HUA Yu 2013, 33 (3):  100-104.  Abstract ( 799 )   PDF (1157KB) ( 1679 )   Save Functional monomer-isobornyl acrylate was prepared from camphene and acrylic acid using cation exchange resin-Amberlyst 15 as catalyst. Effects of material ratio of camphene to acrylic acid, content of catalyst, types and content of inhibitors, the temperature, and the reaction time on reaction were investigated. Experimental results showed that the optimum conditions were material ratio of acrylic acid to camphene 1.3:1, content of catalyst 12%, content of phenothiazine 0.03%, and the reaction temperature 60℃. The yield of isobornyl acrylate was 83.3%, and the selectivity was 94.6% under the above conditions. The structure of isobornyl acrylate was characterized by FT-IR and GC-MS. Related Articles | Metrics

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Synthesis and Characterization of Melamine-urea-formaldehyde Modified by Soy Protein Isolate HUANG Hong-ying;SUN En-hui;WU Guo-feng;CHANG Zhi-zhou 2013, 33 (3):  85-90.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2013.03.016 Abstract ( 724 )   PDF (1893KB) ( 819 )   Save A kind of triazine ring structure hydrolyzed soy protein modified urea-formaldehyde resin adhesive (SPI/MUF) was synthesized from hydrolyzed soy protein, urea, melamine and formaldehyde by solution polymerization reaction. The products were characterized with Fourier transition infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and colloid rheology. FT-IR results showed that biodegradable beans group was accessed with the SPI/MUF successfully. Compared with MUF, the initial decomposition temperature of SPI/MUF was higher, and had a higher thermal stability since residual quality is still 28.84% of SPI/MUF and 22.13%of MUF at 800℃. DSC showed that thermal stability of SPI modified MUF adhesive increased, and its curing temperature decreased. The resin storage modulus (G') obviously increased when ammonium chloride was added, but the loss modulus (G″) obviously decreased. It still had a higher viscosity at 70℃. Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon Using Phosphoric Acid as Activator from Sisal Fiber XIE Xin-ping;JIANG Jian-chun;SUN Kang;LU Xin-cheng 2013, 33 (3):  105-109.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2013.03.020 Abstract ( 719 )   PDF (3796KB) ( 799 )   Save High absorption performance activated carbons were prepared from sisal fiber waste by phosphoric acid activation. The inference of mass fraction (ω(H3PO4)), impregnation ratio, activation temperature and heating time on adsorption properties of activated carbons were investigated. The obtained activated carbons were characterized by Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms, thermo-gravimetry (TG) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). It was found that the order of factors that influence adsorption properties was: activation temperature>activation duration time>ω(H3PO4)> impregnation ratio. The optimal pretreatment and activation conditions are: ω(H3PO4) 50%, impregnation ratio 1.5:1, activation temperature 400℃ and heating time 70min. The yield of the activated carbon is 35% with the properties of the sample is as follow: specific surface area (SBET)1877m2/g, total pore volume 1.87cm3/g, average pore diameter 4.0nm, iodine number (QI2) 1051.1mg/g, amount of methylene blue adsorption (QMB) 225mg/g. Related Articles | Metrics

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Regulation of Pore Structure of Coconut Shell Activated Carbon by in situ Deposition of Phenolic Resin CHEN Chao;JIANG Jian-chun;SUN Kang;GONG Jian-ping;JIA Yu-jie;ZHANG Yan-ping 2013, 33 (3):  95-99.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2013.03.018 Abstract ( 879 )   PDF (1535KB) ( 583 )   Save Phenolic resin was in-situ synthesized on the surface of commercial coconut shell activated carbon for the regulation of pore size distribution, using formaldehyde and phenol as the precursors. Then, the samples were carbonized under high temperature. The samples carbonized at 850-900℃ for 1h had methyl blue (MB) adsorption capacity 60mg/g, much lower than the original sample, while they had iodine adsorption capacity above 1 000 mg/g, close to the original sample. This result illustrated that the residual carbon from the polymer was efficiently adopted on the wall of meso- and macropores. It led to the increasing amount of micropores. The existence of residual carbon was further proved by surface area analysis, thermal gravimetric (TG) analysis, elemental analysis and other characterization methods. They coincided with the results of MB and iodine adsorption experiments. Hence, the pore size distribution is able to be efficiently regulated by the adoption and carbonization of phenolic resin. Related Articles | Metrics

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Dilute Acid Pretreatment of Paulownia for Bioethanol Production CHENG Jia-qi;CHEN Yuan-cai;Jay J. CHENG 2013, 33 (3):  110-114.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2013.03.021 Abstract ( 810 )   PDF (2687KB) ( 655 )   Save Dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment of paulownia before cellulose enzymatic hydrolysis was investigated. The biomass with a 10% solid loading rate was pretreated at 121℃ by dilute sulfuric acid with different concentrations (0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0%) for 30, 60 and 90 min. The concentrations of the total reducing sugars, monosaccharides and inhibitors (e.g. furfural and HMF(5-hydroxymethylfurfural)) in the pre-hydrolyzate were analyzed to obtain the optimum acid hydrolysis condition that did not affecting the flowing enzymatic hydrolysis. The total reducing sugar yield was about 82% of the theoretical maximum value, and the conversion efficiencies for glucan and xylan were 39.5% and 48.7%, respectively, when the biomass was pretreated by 1.5% sulfuric acid for 60 min. Related Articles | Metrics

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Synthesis and Antimicrobial Properties of Triazolanol Compounds LI Jing;LIU Xing-ping;CHENG Kang-hua;CUI Ai-ling;ZHAI Wei;YAN Le-le 2013, 33 (3):  115-119.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2013.03.022 Abstract ( 744 )   PDF (1388KB) ( 641 )   Save In order to find effective organic wood preservatives, the structure-activity relationship of triazolanol compounds was explored. Referencing to the chemical structure of tebuconazole, nine 1-(1H-1,2,4Vtriazol-1-yl)-2-(t-butyl)-3-substituted-2-propanol compounds were synthesized. They were characterized by MS and 1H NMR, etc. In the range of 0.5%-2%,their antimicrobial activity were evaluated by agar-well diffusion method for four kinds of wood spoilage bacteria. The expermental results showed that the para-substituted phenyl group is conducive to the antibacterial activity, and the target compounds have a good performance in anti-mildew. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of 4f against Trichoderma viride and wood-rotting fungi are considerable with tebuconazole. Related Articles | Metrics

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Determination of the Content Changes of Three Flavonoids from Toosendan Fructus in Different Harvest Time ZHOU Nong;XIE Jing;CHEN Lu 2013, 33 (3):  120-124.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2013.03.023 Abstract ( 820 )   PDF (1259KB) ( 671 )   Save The content changes of rutin, isoquercitrin, and quercetin from different medicinal parts of Toosendan Fructus in different harvest time were compared. The chromatographic separation was performed on a Agilent zorbax SB-C18 column (4.6mm×150mm, 5μm) kept at 25℃ using methanol-acetonitrile (volune ratio 1:10)(A) and 0.4% phosphoric acid solution (B)as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0mL/min through gradient elution and the detection wavelength at 360 nm. The contents of rutin, isoquercitrin, and quercetin from Toosendan Furctus in different harvest time were greater differences. The results showed that the content of rutin was the highest among these three flavonoids. The rutin contents from fruit of Toosendan Fructus were 43.80, 62.64, 117.20, 90.89 and 87.13 μg/g in different harvest times. The contents of three flwvonoids were large changes with different growth period. It showed increased and then decreased trends. The total amount of these three flavonoids was the largest in January. They were 199.11, 133.78, 133.81 and 23.55 μg/g from different medicinal parts of Tossendan Fructus. In the same harvest time, the amount of these three flavonoids in the fruit pulp and core were higher than those in the other parts of Toosendan Fructus. In different harvest times, the total content of the three flavonoids were 5.81, 42.44, 133.78, 156.44 and 135.80 μg/g in the pulp, and 48.53, 77.99, 133.81, 125.45 and 116.88 μg/g in the core. Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation and Characterization of Activated Biocharcoal from Different Tree Species LIANG Xiao;YU Zhong-dong;MA Jing;ZHU Wei-xi;ZHAO Cheng-juan;CHEN Lin-min 2013, 33 (3):  125-130.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2013.03.024 Abstract ( 827 )   PDF (1439KB) ( 690 )   Save Twenty four kinds of activated biocharcoal from different trimmed trees were prepared under hetero-thermal program. The yield, pH, ethylene blue adsorptive value (ab. EBAV), water absorption and water retention capacity were measured. Testments of antimicrobial effect of pyrolysated frozen liquid were conducted by controlling streptomycin. It was found that the hightest yield rate of biochar was from Cedar (29.8%), and the other starting materials gave almost the same yield from 10% to 15%. The activated biochar made from Eucommia ulmoides performed the highest ethylene blue discoloring ability (192.0 mg/g). The lowest and the highest pH biochar was represented from Prunus pit (7.94) and Elder (10.00), respectively. The pH of all biochars was higher than 7.0. The biochar from Chinese pine had the best water retention capacity after heating for 3 hours at 45-50℃. It can reserve 0.78 g water by each gram of biochar. It was also found that with the EBAV increased, the yield biochar decreased at the same time, whereas, the capacities of water absorption and water retention increased. However, several kinds of biochars from the same families or genuses tree show a little difference in adsorption value and pH. The antimicrobial experiments using streptomycin indicated all pyrolysates have antimicrobial activity, which gives better performance from the pyrolytic product at 400-600℃. However, the antimicrobial activity from the samples showed less durability compared with the effect of streptomycin (10 mg/L). Related Articles | Metrics

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Changes of Flavor Composition in Bergamot Fruit during Fruit Development YAN Zan-kai;HUANG Wen-jie;LAI Xuan 2013, 33 (3):  131-134.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2013.03.025 Abstract ( 677 )   PDF (1006KB) ( 585 )   Save The components and composition changes during bergamot fruit development were studied. Twenty-seven, twenty-one and eighteen kinds of volatile components were detected and identified by GC-MS from fresh bergamot fruits collected in August, September and October respectively. The main flavor components included d-(+)-limonene, γ-terpinene, α-terpineol, geraniol, geranial, nerol and neral. The results indicated that the main flavor components included alkenes, alcohols and aldehydes in green mature fruit (August) and their relative contents were 33.6%, 40.7% and 21.29%, respectively. The main flavor components were d-(+)-limonene and γ-terpinene in mature fruit (September) with the relative contents of 61.43% and 18.43%. The main flavor components of the ripe fruit (October) were the alkenes, alcohols, aldehydes, and esters with the relative contents of 27.05%, 54.16%, 5.60% and 9.50% respectively. It is concluded that the characteristic flavor components of d-(+)-limonene, γ-terpinene had the highest concentrations in bergamot fruits collected in September. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of the Chemical Constituents of Volatile Oil from the Leaves of Ficus auriculata Lour by GC-MS SHAO Tai-ming;SONG Xiao-ping;CHEN Guang-ying;LI Xiao-bao;YAO Guo-gui;DENG Kang-ying;HUANG Kai-li 2013, 33 (3):  135-137.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2013.03.026 Abstract ( 688 )   PDF (776KB) ( 692 )   Save The chemical constituents of the volatile oil from the leaves of Ficus auriculata Lour were studied. The volatile oil from the leaves of F. auriculata lour was extracted by steam distillation. The components of the volatile oil were separated and identified by GC-MS. Twenty-eight components were identified from F. auriculata Lour. They accounted for 91.27% of the total peak area. The main components were 4-phenylmethyl-pyridine (25.07%), dibutyl phthalate (17.26%), phytol (11.58%), 3β-lup-20(29)-en-3-ol-acetate (9.20%) and indol (9.16%). The main component of volatile oil from the leaves of Ficus auriculata Lour is 4-phenylmethyl-pyridine. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Impacts of Several Main Waterborne Preservative Treated Wood on the Environmental Safety TANG Zhen-zhong;YU Li-li;MA Xiao-jun;ZHU Li-zhi 2013, 33 (3):  138-142.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2013.03.027 Abstract ( 784 )   PDF (1362KB) ( 931 )   Save The impact of the alternatives of chromated copper arsenate (CCA) treated wood including ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate (ACZA), ammoniacal copper arsenate (ACA), acid copper chromate (ACC), alkaline copper quat type (ACQ-B, ACQ-C, ACQ-D), ammoniacal copper citrate (CC), copper azole (CBA-A, CA-B) and alkyl ammonium compound (AAC) treated wood in service on environmental safety have been summarized. The impact of the main elements copper, zinc, and fluorine on the environmental safety are introduced,too. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of Ionic Liquids in Separation and Analysis of Natural Products: A Review YAO Xi;YUE Yong-de;TANG Feng 2013, 33 (3):  143-148.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2013.03.028 Abstract ( 673 )   PDF (1581KB) ( 706 )   Save The ionic liquid is one of the hot topics in the research field of chemistry and chemical engineering. Based on large reviewing of the domestic and foreign references, this paper introduced the research progress of ionic liquid in recent years and summarized the applications of ionic liquids in extraction of natural products and chromatography analysis. The application foreground and developing direction of ionic liquid has been prospected. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress of Chemical Constituents and Their Pharmacological Activities of Bamboo Plants WANG Shu-ying;TANG Feng;YUE Yong-de 2013, 33 (3):  149-156.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2417.2013.03.029 Abstract ( 714 )   PDF (1852KB) ( 768 )   Save The research progress of chemical constituents and their pharmacological activities of bamboo plants was reviewed. The chemical constituents of bamboo include several kinds of compounds, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, polysaccharides, triterpenes, alkaloids and coumarins, etc. The extracts of bamboo have significant pharmacological activities, for instance, bacteriostasis, anti-oxidation and anti-aging, antitumor and adjusting lipid etc. They have potential medicinal values for further study. Related Articles | Metrics